FutilityValue formula tweak

Passed STC: LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) <0.00,2.00> Total: 29600 W: 7979 L: 7662 D: 13959 Ptnml(0-2): 138, 3446, 7324, 3745, 147 https://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/67ac7dff52879dfd14d7e7da Passed LTC: LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) <0.50,2.50> Total: 49662 W: 12850 L: 12502 D: 24310 Ptnml(0-2): 41, 5354, 13689, 5710, 37 https://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/67acc1b252879dfd14d7e81d closes https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/pull/5879 Bench: 2581469
Decrease lmr depth if static eval decreases a lot
2026-05-20 05:07:46 +00:00 · 2025-02-13 20:18:35 +01:00 · 2025-02-13 20:17:26 +01:00 · 2025-02-13 19:52:06 +01:00 · 2025-02-13 19:49:54 +01:00 · 2025-02-13 19:46:53 +01:00
85 changed files with 8371 additions and 3497 deletions
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
    { include: [ "<__fwd/sstream.h>", private, "<iosfwd>", public ] },
    { include: [ "<__fwd/streambuf.h>", private, "<iosfwd>", public ] },
    { include: [ "<__fwd/string_view.h>", private, "<string_view>", public ] },
+    { include: [ "<__system_error/errc.h>", private, "<system_error>", public ] },

    # Mappings for includes between public headers
    { include: [ "<ios>", public, "<iostream>", public ] },
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 {
  "config": [
    {
-      "name": "Ubuntu 20.04 GCC",
-      "os": "ubuntu-20.04",
+      "name": "Ubuntu 22.04 GCC",
+      "os": "ubuntu-22.04",
      "simple_name": "ubuntu",
      "compiler": "g++",
      "comp": "gcc",
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
    {
      "binaries": "x86-64-avxvnni",
      "config": {
-        "ubuntu-20.04": null
+        "ubuntu-22.04": null
      }
    },
    {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
    {
      "binaries": "apple-silicon",
      "config": {
-        "os": "ubuntu-20.04"
+        "os": "ubuntu-22.04"
      }
    }
  ]
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
    name: ${{ matrix.config.name }} ${{ matrix.binaries }}
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.config.os }}
    env:
-      COMPILER: ${{ matrix.config.compiler }}
+      COMPCXX: ${{ matrix.config.compiler }}
      COMP: ${{ matrix.config.comp }}
      EMU: ${{ matrix.config.emu }}
      EXT: ${{ matrix.config.ext }}
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
+          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Download required linux packages
        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ jobs:
          if [ $COMP == ndk ]; then
            export PATH=${{ env.ANDROID_NDK_BIN }}:$PATH
          fi
-          $COMPILER -v
+          $COMPCXX -v

      - name: Test help target
        run: make help
@@ -91,4 +92,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.config.simple_name }} ${{ matrix.binaries }}
-          path: .
+          path: |
+            .
+            !.git
+            !.output
@@ -11,10 +11,14 @@ on:
    paths:
      - "**.cpp"
      - "**.h"
+
+permissions:
+  pull-requests: write
+
 jobs:
  Clang-Format:
    name: Clang-Format
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
@@ -25,7 +29,7 @@ jobs:
        id: clang-format
        continue-on-error: true
        with:
-          clang-format-version: "17"
+          clang-format-version: "18"
          exclude-regex: "incbin"

      - name: Comment on PR
@@ -33,12 +37,13 @@ jobs:
        uses: thollander/actions-comment-pull-request@fabd468d3a1a0b97feee5f6b9e499eab0dd903f6 # @v2.5.0
        with:
          message: |
-            clang-format 17 needs to be run on this PR.
+            clang-format 18 needs to be run on this PR.
            If you do not have clang-format installed, the maintainer will run it when merging.
-            For the exact version please see https://packages.ubuntu.com/mantic/clang-format-17.
+            For the exact version please see https://packages.ubuntu.com/noble/clang-format-18.

            _(execution **${{ github.run_id }}** / attempt **${{ github.run_attempt }}**)_
          comment_tag: execution
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

      - name: Comment on PR
        if: steps.clang-format.outcome != 'failure'
@@ -49,3 +54,4 @@ jobs:
          create_if_not_exists: false
          comment_tag: execution
          mode: delete
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false

      # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
      - name: Initialize CodeQL
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
    name: ${{ matrix.config.name }} ${{ matrix.binaries }}
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.config.os }}
    env:
-      COMPILER: ${{ matrix.config.compiler }}
+      COMPCXX: ${{ matrix.config.compiler }}
      COMP: ${{ matrix.config.comp }}
      EXT: ${{ matrix.config.ext }}
      NAME: ${{ matrix.config.simple_name }}
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ jobs:
        shell: ${{ matrix.config.shell }}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Install fixed GCC on Linux
        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
        run: make net

      - name: Check compiler
-        run: $COMPILER -v
+        run: $COMPCXX -v

      - name: Test help target
        run: make help
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
        run: git --version

      - name: Check compiler
-        run: $COMPILER -v
+        run: $COMPCXX -v

      - name: Show g++ cpu info
        if: runner.os != 'macOS'
@@ -86,4 +88,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.config.simple_name }} ${{ matrix.binaries }}
-          path: .
+          path: |
+             .
+             !.git
+             !.output
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# This workflow will play games with a debug enabled SF using the PR
+
+name: Games
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+jobs:
+  Matetrack:
+    name: Games
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout SF repo 
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
+          path: Stockfish
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: build debug enabled version of SF
+        working-directory: Stockfish/src
+        run: make -j build debug=yes
+
+      - name: Checkout fastchess repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          repository: Disservin/fastchess
+          path: fastchess
+          ref: 894616028492ae6114835195f14a899f6fa237d3
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: fastchess build
+        working-directory: fastchess
+        run: make -j
+
+      - name: Run games
+        working-directory: fastchess
+        run: |
+          ./fastchess -rounds 4 -games 2 -repeat -concurrency 4 -openings file=app/tests/data/openings.epd format=epd order=random -srand $RANDOM\
+               -engine name=sf1 cmd=/home/runner/work/Stockfish/Stockfish/Stockfish/src/stockfish\
+               -engine name=sf2 cmd=/home/runner/work/Stockfish/Stockfish/Stockfish/src/stockfish\
+               -ratinginterval 1 -report penta=true -each proto=uci tc=4+0.04 -log file=fast.log | tee fast.out
+          cat fast.log
+          ! grep "Assertion" fast.log > /dev/null
+          ! grep "disconnect" fast.out > /dev/null
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          path: Stockfish
+          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Checkout include-what-you-use
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ jobs:
          repository: include-what-you-use/include-what-you-use
          ref: f25caa280dc3277c4086ec345ad279a2463fea0f
          path: include-what-you-use
+          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Download required linux packages
        run: |
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# This workflow will run matetrack on the PR
+
+name: Matetrack
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+jobs:
+  Matetrack:
+    name: Matetrack
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout SF repo 
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
+          path: Stockfish
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: build SF
+        working-directory: Stockfish/src
+        run: make -j profile-build
+
+      - name: Checkout matetrack repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          repository: vondele/matetrack
+          path: matetrack
+          ref: 4f8a80860ed8f3607f05a9195df8b40203bdc360
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: matetrack install deps
+        working-directory: matetrack
+        run: pip install -r requirements.txt
+
+      - name: cache syzygy
+        id: cache-syzygy
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+           path: |
+              matetrack/3-4-5-wdl/
+              matetrack/3-4-5-dtz/
+           key: key-syzygy
+
+      - name: download syzygy 3-4-5 if needed
+        working-directory: matetrack
+        if: steps.cache-syzygy.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: |
+          wget --no-verbose -r -nH --cut-dirs=2 --no-parent --reject="index.html*" -e robots=off https://tablebase.lichess.ovh/tables/standard/3-4-5-wdl/
+          wget --no-verbose -r -nH --cut-dirs=2 --no-parent --reject="index.html*" -e robots=off https://tablebase.lichess.ovh/tables/standard/3-4-5-dtz/
+
+      - name: Run matetrack
+        working-directory: matetrack
+        run: |
+          python matecheck.py --syzygyPath 3-4-5-wdl/:3-4-5-dtz/ --engine /home/runner/work/Stockfish/Stockfish/Stockfish/src/stockfish --epdFile mates2000.epd --nodes 100000 | tee matecheckout.out
+          ! grep "issues were detected" matecheckout.out > /dev/null
+
+      - name: Run matetrack with --syzygy50MoveRule false
+        working-directory: matetrack
+        run: |
+          grep 5men cursed.epd > cursed5.epd
+          python matecheck.py --syzygyPath 3-4-5-wdl/:3-4-5-dtz/ --engine /home/runner/work/Stockfish/Stockfish/Stockfish/src/stockfish --epdFile cursed5.epd --nodes 100000 --syzygy50MoveRule false | tee matecheckcursed.out
+          ! grep "issues were detected" matecheckcursed.out > /dev/null
+
+      - name: Verify mate and TB win count for matecheckcursed.out
+        working-directory: matetrack
+        run: |
+          mates=$(grep "Found mates:" matecheckcursed.out | awk '{print $3}')
+          tbwins=$(grep "Found TB wins:" matecheckcursed.out | awk '{print $4}')
+          if [ $(($mates + $tbwins)) -ne 32 ]; then
+            echo "Sum of mates and TB wins is not 32 in matecheckcursed.out" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ jobs:
    name: ${{ matrix.sanitizers.name }}
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.config.os }}
    env:
-      COMPILER: ${{ matrix.config.compiler }}
+      COMPCXX: ${{ matrix.config.compiler }}
      COMP: ${{ matrix.config.comp }}
      CXXFLAGS: "-Werror"
    strategy:
@@ -21,22 +21,36 @@ jobs:
        sanitizers:
          - name: Run with thread sanitizer
            make_option: sanitize=thread
+            cxx_extra_flags: ""
            instrumented_option: sanitizer-thread
          - name: Run with UB sanitizer
            make_option: sanitize=undefined
+            cxx_extra_flags: ""
            instrumented_option: sanitizer-undefined
          - name: Run under valgrind
            make_option: ""
+            cxx_extra_flags: ""
            instrumented_option: valgrind
          - name: Run under valgrind-thread
            make_option: ""
+            cxx_extra_flags: ""
            instrumented_option: valgrind-thread
+          - name: Run non-instrumented
+            make_option: ""
+            cxx_extra_flags: ""
+            instrumented_option: none
+          - name: Run with glibcxx assertions
+            make_option: ""
+            cxx_extra_flags: -D_GLIBCXX_ASSERTIONS
+            instrumented_option: non
    defaults:
      run:
        working-directory: src
        shell: ${{ matrix.config.shell }}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Download required linux packages
        run: |
@@ -47,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
        run: make net

      - name: Check compiler
-        run: $COMPILER -v
+        run: $COMPCXX -v

      - name: Test help target
        run: make help
@@ -55,11 +69,19 @@ jobs:
      - name: Check git
        run: git --version

+      # Since Linux Kernel 6.5 we are getting false positives from the ci,
+      # lower the ALSR entropy to disable ALSR, which works as a temporary workaround.
+      # https://github.com/google/sanitizers/issues/1716
+      # https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/2056762
+
+      - name: Lower ALSR entropy
+        run: sudo sysctl -w vm.mmap_rnd_bits=28
+
      # Sanitizers

      - name: ${{ matrix.sanitizers.name }}
        run: |
-          export CXXFLAGS="-O1 -fno-inline"
+          export CXXFLAGS="-O1 -fno-inline ${{ matrix.sanitizers.cxx_extra_flags }}"
          make clean
          make -j4 ARCH=x86-64-sse41-popcnt ${{ matrix.sanitizers.make_option }} debug=yes optimize=no build > /dev/null
-          ../tests/instrumented.sh --${{ matrix.sanitizers.instrumented_option }}
+          python3 ../tests/instrumented.py --${{ matrix.sanitizers.instrumented_option }} ./stockfish
@@ -15,8 +15,12 @@ jobs:
  Prerelease:
    if: github.repository == 'official-stockfish/Stockfish' && (github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || (startsWith(github.ref_name, 'sf_') && github.ref_type == 'tag'))
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write # For deleting/creating a prerelease
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false

      # returns null if no pre-release exists
      - name: Get Commit SHA of Latest Pre-release
@@ -66,6 +70,8 @@ jobs:
      arm_matrix: ${{ steps.set-arm-matrix.outputs.arm_matrix }}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - id: set-matrix
        run: |
          TASKS=$(echo $(cat .github/ci/matrix.json) )
@@ -90,15 +96,27 @@ jobs:
    uses: ./.github/workflows/sanitizers.yml
  Tests:
    uses: ./.github/workflows/tests.yml
+  Matetrack:
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/matetrack.yml
+  Games:
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/games.yml
  Binaries:
    if: github.repository == 'official-stockfish/Stockfish'
    needs: [Matrix, Prerelease, Compilation]
    uses: ./.github/workflows/upload_binaries.yml
    with:
      matrix: ${{ needs.Matrix.outputs.matrix }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: write # For deleting/creating a (pre)release
+    secrets:
+      token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
  ARM_Binaries:
    if: github.repository == 'official-stockfish/Stockfish'
    needs: [Matrix, Prerelease, ARMCompilation]
    uses: ./.github/workflows/upload_binaries.yml
    with:
      matrix: ${{ needs.Matrix.outputs.arm_matrix }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: write # For deleting/creating a (pre)release
+    secrets:
+      token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
@@ -6,22 +6,22 @@ jobs:
    name: ${{ matrix.config.name }}
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.config.os }}
    env:
-      COMPILER: ${{ matrix.config.compiler }}
+      COMPCXX: ${{ matrix.config.compiler }}
      COMP: ${{ matrix.config.comp }}
      CXXFLAGS: "-Werror"
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        config:
-          - name: Ubuntu 20.04 GCC
-            os: ubuntu-20.04
+          - name: Ubuntu 22.04 GCC
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
            compiler: g++
            comp: gcc
            run_32bit_tests: true
            run_64bit_tests: true
            shell: bash
-          - name: Ubuntu 20.04 Clang
-            os: ubuntu-20.04
+          - name: Ubuntu 22.04 Clang
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
            compiler: clang++
            comp: clang
            run_32bit_tests: true
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
+          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Download required linux packages
        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
@@ -138,16 +139,16 @@ jobs:
      - name: Build Docker container
        if: matrix.config.base_image
        run: |
-          docker buildx build --load -t sf_builder - << EOF
+          docker buildx build --platform ${{ matrix.config.platform }} --load -t sf_builder - << EOF
          FROM ${{ matrix.config.base_image }}
          WORKDIR /app
          RUN apk update && apk add make g++
-          CMD ["sh", "script.sh"]
+          CMD ["sh", "src/script.sh"]
          EOF

      - name: Download required macOS packages
        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
-        run: brew install coreutils
+        run: brew install coreutils gcc@11

      - name: Setup msys and install required packages
        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
@@ -172,10 +173,10 @@ jobs:
            if [ $COMP == ndk ]; then
              export PATH=${{ env.ANDROID_NDK_BIN }}:$PATH
            fi
-            $COMPILER -v
+            $COMPCXX -v
          else
-            echo "$COMPILER -v" > script.sh
-            docker run --rm --platform ${{ matrix.config.platform }} -v ${{ github.workspace }}/src:/app sf_builder
+            echo "$COMPCXX -v" > script.sh
+            docker run --rm --platform ${{ matrix.config.platform }} -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/app sf_builder
          fi

      - name: Test help target
@@ -341,8 +342,8 @@ jobs:
      - name: Test riscv64 build
        if: matrix.config.run_riscv64_tests
        run: |
-          echo "export LDFLAGS='-static' && make clean && make -j4 ARCH=riscv64 build" > script.sh
-          docker run --rm --platform ${{ matrix.config.platform }} -v ${{ github.workspace }}/src:/app sf_builder
+          echo "cd src && export LDFLAGS='-static' && make clean && make -j4 ARCH=riscv64 build" > script.sh
+          docker run --rm --platform ${{ matrix.config.platform }} -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/app sf_builder
          ../tests/signature.sh $benchref

      # ppc64 tests
@@ -350,8 +351,8 @@ jobs:
      - name: Test ppc64 build
        if: matrix.config.run_ppc64_tests
        run: |
-          echo "export LDFLAGS='-static' && make clean && make -j4 ARCH=ppc-64 build" > script.sh
-          docker run --rm --platform ${{ matrix.config.platform }} -v ${{ github.workspace }}/src:/app sf_builder
+          echo "cd src && export LDFLAGS='-static' && make clean && make -j4 ARCH=ppc-64 build" > script.sh
+          docker run --rm --platform ${{ matrix.config.platform }} -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/app sf_builder
          ../tests/signature.sh $benchref

      # Other tests
@@ -5,13 +5,16 @@ on:
      matrix:
        type: string
        required: true
+    secrets:
+      token:
+        required: true

 jobs:
  Artifacts:
    name: ${{ matrix.config.name }} ${{ matrix.binaries }}
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.config.os }}
    env:
-      COMPILER: ${{ matrix.config.compiler }}
+      COMPCXX: ${{ matrix.config.compiler }}
      COMP: ${{ matrix.config.comp }}
      EXT: ${{ matrix.config.ext }}
      NAME: ${{ matrix.config.simple_name }}
@@ -25,6 +28,8 @@ jobs:
        shell: ${{ matrix.config.shell }}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Download artifact from compilation
        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
@@ -54,6 +59,7 @@ jobs:
          mv "${{ matrix.config.simple_name }} ${{ matrix.binaries }}" stockfish-workflow
          cd stockfish-workflow
          cp -r src ../stockfish/
+          cp -r scripts ../stockfish/
          cp stockfish-$NAME-$BINARY$EXT ../stockfish/
          cp "Top CPU Contributors.txt" ../stockfish/
          cp Copying.txt ../stockfish/
@@ -78,6 +84,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@4634c16e79c963813287e889244c50009e7f0981
        with:
          files: stockfish-${{ matrix.config.simple_name }}-${{ matrix.binaries }}.${{ matrix.config.archive_ext }}
+          token: ${{ secrets.token }}

      - name: Get last commit sha
        id: last_commit
@@ -104,3 +111,4 @@ jobs:
          tag_name: stockfish-dev-${{ env.COMMIT_DATE }}-${{ env.COMMIT_SHA }}
          prerelease: true
          files: stockfish-${{ matrix.config.simple_name }}-${{ matrix.binaries }}.${{ matrix.config.archive_ext }}
+          token: ${{ secrets.token }}
@@ -10,3 +10,8 @@ src/-lstdc++.res
 # Neural network for the NNUE evaluation
 **/*.nnue

+# Files generated by the instrumented tests
+tsan.supp
+__pycache__/
+tests/syzygy
+tests/bench_tmp.epd
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ Alexander Kure
 Alexander Pagel (Lolligerhans)
 Alfredo Menezes (lonfom169)
 Ali AlZhrani (Cooffe)
+Andreas Jan van der Meulen (Andyson007)
 Andreas Matthies (Matthies)
 Andrei Vetrov (proukornew)
 Andrew Grant (AndyGrant)
@@ -44,8 +45,11 @@ Bruno de Melo Costa (BM123499)
 Bruno Pellanda (pellanda)
 Bryan Cross (crossbr)
 candirufish
+Carlos Esparza Sánchez (ces42)
 Chess13234
+Chris Bao (sscg13)
 Chris Cain (ceebo)
+Ciekce
 clefrks
 Clemens L. (rn5f107s2)
 Cody Ho (aesrentai)
@@ -67,9 +71,11 @@ Douglas Matos Gomes (dsmsgms)
 Dubslow
 Eduardo Cáceres (eduherminio)
 Eelco de Groot (KingDefender)
+Ehsan Rashid (erashid)
 Elvin Liu (solarlight2)
 erbsenzaehler
 Ernesto Gatti
+evqsx
 Fabian Beuke (madnight)
 Fabian Fichter (ianfab)
 Fanael Linithien (Fanael)
@@ -119,13 +125,16 @@ jundery
 Justin Blanchard (UncombedCoconut)
 Kelly Wilson
 Ken Takusagawa
+Kenneth Lee (kennethlee33)
 Kian E (KJE-98)
 kinderchocolate
 Kiran Panditrao (Krgp)
 Kojirion
+Krisztián Peőcz
 Krystian Kuzniarek (kuzkry)
 Leonardo Ljubičić (ICCF World Champion)
 Leonid Pechenik (lp--)
+Li Ying (yl25946)
 Liam Keegan (lkeegan)
 Linmiao Xu (linrock)
 Linus Arver (listx)
@@ -138,6 +147,7 @@ Maciej Żenczykowski (zenczykowski)
 Malcolm Campbell (xoto10)
 Mark Tenzer (31m059)
 marotear
+Mathias Parnaudeau (mparnaudeau)
 Matt Ginsberg (mattginsberg)
 Matthew Lai (matthewlai)
 Matthew Sullivan (Matt14916)
@@ -166,10 +176,12 @@ Niklas Fiekas (niklasf)
 Nikolay Kostov (NikolayIT)
 Norman Schmidt (FireFather)
 notruck
+Nour Berakdar (Nonlinear)
 Ofek Shochat (OfekShochat, ghostway)
 Ondrej Mosnáček (WOnder93)
 Ondřej Mišina (AndrovT)
 Oskar Werkelin Ahlin
+Ömer Faruk Tutkun (OmerFarukTutkun)
 Pablo Vazquez
 Panthee
 Pascal Romaret
@@ -231,6 +243,7 @@ Unai Corzo (unaiic)
 Uri Blass (uriblass)
 Vince Negri (cuddlestmonkey)
 Viren
+Wencey Wang
 windfishballad
 xefoci7612
 Xiang Wang (KatyushaScarlet)
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ further discussion._
 - Provide a clear and concise description of the changes in the pull request
  description.

-_First time contributors should add their name to [AUTHORS](../AUTHORS)._
+_First time contributors should add their name to [AUTHORS](./AUTHORS)._

 _Stockfish's development is not focused on adding new features. Thus any pull
 request introducing new features will potentially be closed without further
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ discussion._

 Changes to Stockfish C++ code should respect our coding style defined by
 [.clang-format](.clang-format). You can format your changes by running
-`make format`. This requires clang-format version 17 to be installed on your system.
+`make format`. This requires clang-format version 18 to be installed on your system.

 ## Navigate

@@ -86,7 +86,6 @@ more details.

 Thank you for contributing to Stockfish and helping us make it even better!

-
 [copying-link]:           https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/blob/master/Copying.txt
 [discord-link]:           https://discord.gg/GWDRS3kU6R
 [discussions-link]:       https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/discussions/new
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ descriptions. An example suitable for most Intel and AMD chips:

 ```
 cd src
-make -j profile-build ARCH=x86-64-avx2
+make -j profile-build
 ```

 Detailed compilation instructions for all platforms can be found in our
@@ -120,6 +120,11 @@ where the source code can be found) to generate the exact binary you are
 distributing. If you make any changes to the source code, these changes must
 also be made available under GPL v3.

+## Acknowledgements
+
+Stockfish uses neural networks trained on [data provided by the Leela Chess Zero
+project][lc0-data-link], which is made available under the [Open Database License][odbl-link] (ODbL).
+

 [authors-link]:       https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/blob/master/AUTHORS
 [build-link]:         https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/actions/workflows/stockfish.yml
@@ -144,6 +149,8 @@ also be made available under GPL v3.
 [wiki-uci-link]:      https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/wiki/UCI-&-Commands
 [wiki-usage-link]:    https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/wiki/Download-and-usage
 [worker-link]:        https://github.com/official-stockfish/fishtest/wiki/Running-the-worker
+[lc0-data-link]:      https://storage.lczero.org/files/training_data
+[odbl-link]:          https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/odbl-10.txt

 [build-badge]:        https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/official-stockfish/Stockfish/stockfish.yml?branch=master&style=for-the-badge&label=stockfish&logo=github
 [commits-badge]:      https://img.shields.io/github/commits-since/official-stockfish/Stockfish/latest?style=for-the-badge
@@ -1,106 +1,109 @@
-Contributors to Fishtest with >10,000 CPU hours, as of 2024-02-24.
+Contributors to Fishtest with >10,000 CPU hours, as of 2024-08-31.
 Thank you!

 Username                                CPU Hours     Games played
 ------------------------------------------------------------------
-noobpwnftw                               39302472       3055513453
-technologov                              20845762        994893444
-linrock                                   8616428        560281417
+noobpwnftw                               40428649       3164740143
+technologov                              23581394       1076895482
+vdv                                      19425375        718302718
+linrock                                  10034115        643194527
 mlang                                     3026000        200065824
-okrout                                    2332151        222639518
-pemo                                      1800019         60274069
+okrout                                    2572676        237511408
+pemo                                      1836785         62226157
 dew                                       1689162        100033738
-TueRens                                   1474943         75121774
-grandphish2                               1463002         91616949
-JojoM                                     1109702         72927902
-olafm                                      978631         71037944
-sebastronomy                               939955         44920556
+TueRens                                   1648780         77891164
+sebastronomy                              1468328         60859092
+grandphish2                               1466110         91776075
+JojoM                                     1130625         73666098
+olafm                                     1067009         74807270
 tvijlbrief                                 796125         51897690
-gvreuls                                    711320         49142318
+oz                                         781847         53910686
+rpngn                                      768460         49812975
+gvreuls                                    751085         52177668
 mibere                                     703840         46867607
-oz                                         646268         46293638
-rpngn                                      572571         38928563
-leszek                                     531858         39316505
-cw                                         518116         34894291
+leszek                                     566598         42024615
+cw                                         519601         34988161
 fastgm                                     503862         30260818
 CSU_Dynasty                                468784         31385034
-ctoks                                      434591         28520597
-maximmasiutin                              429983         27066286
+maximmasiutin                              439192         27893522
+ctoks                                      435148         28541909
 crunchy                                    427414         27371625
 bcross                                     415724         29061187
+robal                                      371112         24642270
+mgrabiak                                   367963         26464704
 velislav                                   342588         22140902
-mgrabiak                                   338763         23999170
+ncfish1                                    329039         20624527
 Fisherman                                  327231         21829379
-robal                                      299836         20213182
 Dantist                                    296386         18031762
-ncfish1                                    267604         17881149
+tolkki963                                  262050         22049676
+Sylvain27                                  255595          8864404
 nordlandia                                 249322         16420192
+Fifis                                      237657         13065577
 marrco                                     234581         17714473
-tolkki963                                  233490         19773930
+Calis007                                   217537         14450582
 glinscott                                  208125         13277240
 drabel                                     204167         13930674
 mhoram                                     202894         12601997
 bking_US                                   198894         11876016
-Calis007                                   188631         12795784
 Thanar                                     179852         12365359
-Fifis                                      176209         10638245
-vdv                                        175544          9904472
+javran                                     169679         13481966
+armo9494                                   162863         10937118
 spams                                      157128         10319326
-DesolatedDodo                              156659         10210328
-armo9494                                   155355         10566898
+DesolatedDodo                              156683         10211206
+Wencey                                     152308          8375444
 sqrt2                                      147963          9724586
+vdbergh                                    140311          9225125
 jcAEie                                     140086         10603658
-vdbergh                                    139746          9172061
 CoffeeOne                                  137100          5024116
 malala                                     136182          8002293
 xoto                                       133759          9159372
+Dubslow                                    129614          8519312
 davar                                      129023          8376525
 DMBK                                       122960          8980062
 dsmith                                     122059          7570238
-javran                                     121564         10144656
+CypressChess                               120784          8672620
+sschnee                                    120526          7547722
+maposora                                   119734         10749710
 amicic                                     119661          7938029
-sschnee                                    118107          7389266
-Wolfgang                                   114616          8070494
+Wolfgang                                   115713          8159062
 Data                                       113305          8220352
 BrunoBanani                                112960          7436849
-Wencey                                     111502          5991676
-cuistot                                    108503          7006992
-CypressChess                               108331          7759788
+markkulix                                  112897          9133168
+cuistot                                    109802          7121030
 skiminki                                   107583          7218170
+sterni1971                                 104431          5938282
 MaZePallas                                 102823          6633619
-sterni1971                                 100532          5880772
 sunu                                       100167          7040199
 zeryl                                       99331          6221261
 thirdlife                                   99156          2245320
 ElbertoOne                                  99028          7023771
-Dubslow                                     98600          6903242
-markkulix                                   97010          7643900
-bigpen0r                                    94809          6529203
+megaman7de                                  98456          6675076
+Goatminola                                  96765          8257832
+bigpen0r                                    94825          6529241
 brabos                                      92118          6186135
 Maxim                                       90818          3283364
 psk                                         89957          5984901
-megaman7de                                  88822          6052132
 racerschmacer                               85805          6122790
-maposora                                    85710          7778146
 Vizvezdenec                                 83761          5344740
 0x3C33                                      82614          5271253
+szupaw                                      82495          7151686
 BRAVONE                                     81239          5054681
 nssy                                        76497          5259388
+cody                                        76126          4492126
 jromang                                     76106          5236025
+MarcusTullius                               76103          5061991
+woutboat                                    76072          6022922
+Spprtr                                      75977          5252287
 teddybaer                                   75125          5407666
 Pking_cda                                   73776          5293873
-yurikvelo                                   73516          5036928
-MarcusTullius                               71053          4803477
+yurikvelo                                   73611          5046822
+Mineta                                      71130          4711422
 Bobo1239                                    70579          4794999
 solarlight                                  70517          5028306
 dv8silencer                                 70287          3883992
-Spprtr                                      69646          4806763
-Mineta                                      66325          4537742
 manap                                       66273          4121774
-szupaw                                      65468          5669742
 tinker                                      64333          4268790
 qurashee                                    61208          3429862
-woutboat                                    59496          4906352
 AGI                                         58195          4329580
 robnjr                                      57262          4053117
 Freja                                       56938          3733019
@@ -108,39 +111,45 @@ MaxKlaxxMiner                               56879          3423958
 ttruscott                                   56010          3680085
 rkl                                         55132          4164467
 jmdana                                      54697          4012593
+notchris                                    53936          4184018
 renouve                                     53811          3501516
-notchris                                    52433          4044590
 finfish                                     51360          3370515
 eva42                                       51272          3599691
 eastorwest                                  51117          3454811
-Goatminola                                  51004          4432492
 rap                                         49985          3219146
 pb00067                                     49733          3298934
 GPUex                                       48686          3684998
 OuaisBla                                    48626          3445134
 ronaldjerum                                 47654          3240695
 biffhero                                    46564          3111352
-oryx                                        45533          3539290
+oryx                                        45639          3546530
 VoyagerOne                                  45476          3452465
 speedycpu                                   43842          3003273
 jbwiebe                                     43305          2805433
 Antihistamine                               41788          2761312
 mhunt                                       41735          2691355
+jibarbosa                                   41640          4145702
 homyur                                      39893          2850481
 gri                                         39871          2515779
+DeepnessFulled                              39020          3323102
 Garf                                        37741          2999686
 SC                                          37299          2731694
-Sylvain27                                   36520          1467082
+Gaster319                                   37118          3279678
+naclosagc                                   36562          1279618
 csnodgrass                                  36207          2688994
-Gaster319                                   35655          3149442
 strelock                                    34716          2074055
+gopeto                                      33717          2245606
 EthanOConnor                                33370          2090311
 slakovv                                     32915          2021889
-gopeto                                      31884          2076712
+jojo2357                                    32890          2826662
+shawnxu                                     32019          2802552
 Gelma                                       31771          1551204
+vidar808                                    31560          1351810
 kdave                                       31157          2198362
 manapbk                                     30987          1810399
-ZacHFX                                      30551          2238078
+ZacHFX                                      30966          2272416
+TataneSan                                   30713          1513402
+votoanthuan                                 30691          2460856
 Prcuvu                                      30377          2170122
 anst                                        30301          2190091
 jkiiski                                     30136          1904470
@@ -149,14 +158,15 @@ hyperbolic.tom                              29840          2017394
 chuckstablers                               29659          2093438
 Pyafue                                      29650          1902349
 belzedar94                                  28846          1811530
-votoanthuan                                 27978          2285818
-shawnxu                                     27438          2465810
+mecevdimitar                                27610          1721382
 chriswk                                     26902          1868317
 xwziegtm                                    26897          2124586
 achambord                                   26582          1767323
+somethingintheshadows                       26496          2186404
 Patrick_G                                   26276          1801617
 yorkman                                     26193          1992080
-Ulysses                                     25397          1701264
+srowen                                      25743          1490684
+Ulysses                                     25413          1702830
 Jopo12321                                   25227          1652482
 SFTUser                                     25182          1675689
 nabildanial                                 25068          1531665
@@ -164,66 +174,69 @@ Sharaf_DG                                   24765          1786697
 rodneyc                                     24376          1416402
 jsys14                                      24297          1721230
 agg177                                      23890          1395014
-srowen                                      23842          1342508
+AndreasKrug                                 23754          1890115
 Ente                                        23752          1678188
-jojo2357                                    23479          2061238
 JanErik                                     23408          1703875
 Isidor                                      23388          1680691
 Norabor                                     23371          1603244
+WoodMan777                                  23253          2023048
+Nullvalue                                   23155          2022752
 cisco2015                                   22920          1763301
 Zirie                                       22542          1472937
-Nullvalue                                   22490          1970374
-AndreasKrug                                 22485          1769491
 team-oh                                     22272          1636708
 Roady                                       22220          1465606
 MazeOfGalious                               21978          1629593
-sg4032                                      21947          1643353
+sg4032                                      21950          1643373
+tsim67                                      21747          1330880
 ianh2105                                    21725          1632562
+Skiff84                                     21711          1014212
 xor12                                       21628          1680365
 dex                                         21612          1467203
 nesoneg                                     21494          1463031
 user213718                                  21454          1404128
+Serpensin                                   21452          1790510
 sphinx                                      21211          1384728
-qoo_charly_cai                              21135          1514907
+qoo_charly_cai                              21136          1514927
+IslandLambda                                21062          1220838
 jjoshua2                                    21001          1423089
 Zake9298                                    20938          1565848
 horst.prack                                 20878          1465656
+fishtester                                  20729          1348888
 0xB00B1ES                                   20590          1208666
-Serpensin                                   20487          1729674
-Dinde                                       20440          1292390
+ols                                         20477          1195945
+Dinde                                       20459          1292774
 j3corre                                     20405           941444
 Adrian.Schmidt123                           20316          1281436
 wei                                         19973          1745989
-fishtester                                  19617          1257388
+teenychess                                  19819          1762006
 rstoesser                                   19569          1293588
 eudhan                                      19274          1283717
 vulcan                                      18871          1729392
+wizardassassin                              18795          1376884
 Karpovbot                                   18766          1053178
-WoodMan777                                  18556          1628264
 jundery                                     18445          1115855
+mkstockfishtester                           18350          1690676
 ville                                       17883          1384026
 chris                                       17698          1487385
 purplefishies                               17595          1092533
 dju                                         17414           981289
-ols                                         17291          1042003
 iisiraider                                  17275          1049015
-Skiff84                                     17111           950248
 DragonLord                                  17014          1162790
+Karby                                       17008          1013160
+pirt                                        16965          1271519
 redstone59                                  16842          1461780
-Karby                                       16839          1010124
 Alb11747                                    16787          1213990
-pirt                                        16493          1237199
 Naven94                                     16414           951718
-wizardassassin                              16392          1148672
+scuzzi                                      16115           994341
 IgorLeMasson                                16064          1147232
-scuzzi                                      15757           968735
 ako027ako                                   15671          1173203
+infinigon                                   15285           965966
 Nikolay.IT                                  15154          1068349
 Andrew Grant                                15114           895539
 OssumOpossum                                14857          1007129
 LunaticBFF57                                14525          1190310
 enedene                                     14476           905279
-IslandLambda                                14393           958196
+Hjax                                        14394          1005013
 bpfliegel                                   14233           882523
 YELNAMRON                                   14230          1128094
 mpx86                                       14019           759568
@@ -233,54 +246,56 @@ Nesa92                                      13806          1116101
 crocogoat                                   13803          1117422
 joster                                      13710           946160
 mbeier                                      13650          1044928
-Hjax                                        13535           915487
+Pablohn26                                   13552          1088532
+wxt9861                                     13550          1312306
 Dark_wizzie                                 13422          1007152
 Rudolphous                                  13244           883140
 Machariel                                   13010           863104
-infinigon                                   12991           943216
+nalanzeyu                                   12996           232590
 mabichito                                   12903           749391
+Jackfish                                    12895           868928
 thijsk                                      12886           722107
 AdrianSA                                    12860           804972
 Flopzee                                     12698           894821
+whelanh                                     12682           266404
 mschmidt                                    12644           863193
 korposzczur                                 12606           838168
-tsim67                                      12570           890180
-Jackfish                                    12553           836958
 fatmurphy                                   12547           853210
-Oakwen                                      12503           853105
+Oakwen                                      12532           855759
+icewulf                                     12447           854878
 SapphireBrand                               12416           969604
 deflectooor                                 12386           579392
 modolief                                    12386           896470
-TataneSan                                   12358           609332
 Farseer                                     12249           694108
+Hongildong                                  12201           648712
 pgontarz                                    12151           848794
 dbernier                                    12103           860824
-FormazChar                                  11989           907809
+szczur90                                    12035           942376
+FormazChar                                  12019           910409
+rensonthemove                               11999           971993
 stocky                                      11954           699440
-somethingintheshadows                       11940           989472
-MooTheCow                                   11892           776126
+MooTheCow                                   11923           779432
 3cho                                        11842          1036786
-whelanh                                     11557           245188
+ckaz                                        11792           732276
 infinity                                    11470           727027
 aga                                         11412           695127
 torbjo                                      11395           729145
 Thomas A. Anderson                          11372           732094
 savage84                                    11358           670860
+Def9Infinity                                11345           696552
 d64                                         11263           789184
 ali-al-zhrani                               11245           779246
-ckaz                                        11170           680866
+ImperiumAeternum                            11155           952000
 snicolet                                    11106           869170
 dapper                                      11032           771402
 Ethnikoi                                    10993           945906
 Snuuka                                      10938           435504
-Karmatron                                   10859           678058
+Karmatron                                   10871           678306
 basepi                                      10637           744851
-jibarbosa                                   10628           857100
 Cubox                                       10621           826448
-mecevdimitar                                10609           787318
+gerbil                                      10519           971688
 michaelrpg                                  10509           739239
-Def9Infinity                                10427           686978
 OIVAS7572                                   10420           995586
-wxt9861                                     10412          1013864
 Garruk                                      10365           706465
 dzjp                                        10343           732529
+RickGroszkiewicz                            10263           990798
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+*.sh text eol=lf
@@ -26,6 +26,17 @@ check_znver_1_2() {
  [ "$vendor_id" = "AuthenticAMD" ] && [ "$cpu_family" = "23" ] && znver_1_2=true
 }

+# Set the file CPU loongarch64 architecture
+set_arch_loongarch64() {
+  if check_flags 'lasx'; then
+    true_arch='loongarch64-lasx'
+  elif check_flags 'lsx'; then
+    true_arch='lonngarch64-lsx'
+  else
+    true_arch='loongarch64'
+  fi
+}
+
 # Set the file CPU x86_64 architecture
 set_arch_x86_64() {
  if check_flags 'avx512vnni' 'avx512dq' 'avx512f' 'avx512bw' 'avx512vl'; then
@@ -43,6 +54,20 @@ set_arch_x86_64() {
  fi
 }

+set_arch_ppc_64() {
+  if $(grep -q -w "altivec" /proc/cpuinfo); then
+    power=$(grep -oP -m 1 'cpu\t+: POWER\K\d+' /proc/cpuinfo)
+    if [ "0$power" -gt 7 ]; then
+      # VSX started with POWER8
+      true_arch='ppc-64-vsx'
+    else
+      true_arch='ppc-64-altivec'
+    fi
+  else
+    true_arch='ppc-64'
+  fi
+}
+
 # Check the system type
 uname_s=$(uname -s)
 uname_m=$(uname -m)
@@ -51,7 +76,7 @@ case $uname_s in
    case $uname_m in
      'arm64')
        true_arch='apple-silicon'
-        file_arch='x86-64-sse41-popcnt' # Supported by Rosetta 2
+        file_arch='m1-apple-silicon'
        ;;
      'x86_64')
        flags=$(sysctl -n machdep.cpu.features machdep.cpu.leaf7_features | tr '\n' ' ' | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' | tr -d '_.')
@@ -76,6 +101,10 @@ case $uname_s in
        file_os='ubuntu'
        true_arch='x86-32'
        ;;
+      'ppc64'*)
+        file_os='ubuntu'
+        set_arch_ppc_64
+        ;;
      'aarch64')
        file_os='android'
        true_arch='armv8'
@@ -90,6 +119,10 @@ case $uname_s in
          true_arch="$true_arch-neon"
        fi
        ;;
+      'loongarch64'*)
+        file_os='linux'
+        set_arch_loongarch64
+        ;;
      *) # Unsupported machine type, exit with error
        printf 'Unsupported machine type: %s\n' "$uname_m"
        exit 1
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+wget_or_curl=$( (command -v wget > /dev/null 2>&1 && echo "wget -qO-") || \
+                (command -v curl > /dev/null 2>&1 && echo "curl -skL"))
+
+if [ -z "$wget_or_curl" ]; then
+  >&2 printf "%s\n" "Neither wget or curl is installed." \
+	         "Install one of these tools to download NNUE files automatically."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+sha256sum=$( (command -v shasum > /dev/null 2>&1 && echo "shasum -a 256") || \
+             (command -v sha256sum > /dev/null 2>&1 && echo "sha256sum"))
+
+if [ -z "$sha256sum" ]; then
+  >&2 echo "sha256sum not found, NNUE files will be assumed valid."
+fi
+
+get_nnue_filename() {
+  grep "$1" evaluate.h | grep "#define" | sed "s/.*\(nn-[a-z0-9]\{12\}.nnue\).*/\1/"
+}
+
+validate_network() {
+  # If no sha256sum command is available, assume the file is always valid.
+  if [ -n "$sha256sum" ] && [ -f "$1" ]; then
+    if [ "$1" != "nn-$($sha256sum "$1" | cut -c 1-12).nnue" ]; then
+      rm -f "$1"
+      return 1
+    fi
+  fi
+}
+
+fetch_network() {
+  _filename="$(get_nnue_filename "$1")"
+
+  if [ -z "$_filename" ]; then
+    >&2 echo "NNUE file name not found for: $1"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  if [ -f "$_filename" ]; then
+    if validate_network "$_filename"; then
+      echo "Existing $_filename validated, skipping download"
+      return
+    else
+      echo "Removing invalid NNUE file: $_filename"
+    fi
+  fi
+
+  for url in \
+    "https://tests.stockfishchess.org/api/nn/$_filename" \
+    "https://github.com/official-stockfish/networks/raw/master/$_filename"; do
+    echo "Downloading from $url ..."
+    if $wget_or_curl "$url" > "$_filename"; then
+      if validate_network "$_filename"; then
+        echo "Successfully validated $_filename"
+      else
+        echo "Downloaded $_filename is invalid"
+        continue
+      fi
+    else
+      echo "Failed to download from $url"
+    fi
+    if [ -f "$_filename" ]; then
+      return
+    fi
+  done
+
+  # Download was not successful in the loop, return false.
+  >&2 echo "Failed to download $_filename"
+  return 1
+}
+
+fetch_network EvalFileDefaultNameBig && \
+fetch_network EvalFileDefaultNameSmall
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-# Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+# Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
 #
 # Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -55,15 +55,15 @@ PGOBENCH = $(WINE_PATH) ./$(EXE) bench
 SRCS = benchmark.cpp bitboard.cpp evaluate.cpp main.cpp \
 	misc.cpp movegen.cpp movepick.cpp position.cpp \
 	search.cpp thread.cpp timeman.cpp tt.cpp uci.cpp ucioption.cpp tune.cpp syzygy/tbprobe.cpp \
-	nnue/nnue_misc.cpp nnue/features/half_ka_v2_hm.cpp nnue/network.cpp
+	nnue/nnue_misc.cpp nnue/features/half_ka_v2_hm.cpp nnue/network.cpp engine.cpp score.cpp memory.cpp

-HEADERS = benchmark.h bitboard.h evaluate.h misc.h movegen.h movepick.h \
+HEADERS = benchmark.h bitboard.h evaluate.h misc.h movegen.h movepick.h history.h \
 		nnue/nnue_misc.h nnue/features/half_ka_v2_hm.h nnue/layers/affine_transform.h \
 		nnue/layers/affine_transform_sparse_input.h nnue/layers/clipped_relu.h nnue/layers/simd.h \
 		nnue/layers/sqr_clipped_relu.h nnue/nnue_accumulator.h nnue/nnue_architecture.h \
 		nnue/nnue_common.h nnue/nnue_feature_transformer.h position.h \
 		search.h syzygy/tbprobe.h thread.h thread_win32_osx.h timeman.h \
-		tt.h tune.h types.h uci.h ucioption.h perft.h nnue/network.h
+		tt.h tune.h types.h uci.h ucioption.h perft.h nnue/network.h engine.h score.h numa.h memory.h

 OBJS = $(notdir $(SRCS:.cpp=.o))

@@ -98,8 +98,12 @@ VPATH = syzygy:nnue:nnue/features
 # avx512 = yes/no     --- -mavx512bw         --- Use Intel Advanced Vector Extensions 512
 # vnni256 = yes/no    --- -mavx256vnni       --- Use Intel Vector Neural Network Instructions 512 with 256bit operands
 # vnni512 = yes/no    --- -mavx512vnni       --- Use Intel Vector Neural Network Instructions 512
+# altivec = yes/no    --- -maltivec          --- Use PowerPC Altivec SIMD extension
+# vsx = yes/no        --- -mvsx              --- Use POWER VSX SIMD extension
 # neon = yes/no       --- -DUSE_NEON         --- Use ARM SIMD architecture
 # dotprod = yes/no    --- -DUSE_NEON_DOTPROD --- Use ARM advanced SIMD Int8 dot product instructions
+# lsx = yes/no        --- -mlsx              --- Use Loongson SIMD eXtension
+# lasx = yes/no       --- -mlasx             --- use Loongson Advanced SIMD eXtension
 #
 # Note that Makefile is space sensitive, so when adding new architectures
 # or modifying existing flags, you have to make sure there are no extra spaces
@@ -124,8 +128,9 @@ endif
 ifeq ($(ARCH), $(filter $(ARCH), \
                 x86-64-vnni512 x86-64-vnni256 x86-64-avx512 x86-64-avxvnni x86-64-bmi2 \
                 x86-64-avx2 x86-64-sse41-popcnt x86-64-modern x86-64-ssse3 x86-64-sse3-popcnt \
-                 x86-64 x86-32-sse41-popcnt x86-32-sse2 x86-32 ppc-64 ppc-32 e2k \
-                 armv7 armv7-neon armv8 armv8-dotprod apple-silicon general-64 general-32 riscv64 loongarch64))
+                 x86-64 x86-32-sse41-popcnt x86-32-sse2 x86-32 ppc-64 ppc-64-altivec ppc-64-vsx ppc-32 e2k \
+                 armv7 armv7-neon armv8 armv8-dotprod apple-silicon general-64 general-32 riscv64 \
+                 loongarch64 loongarch64-lsx loongarch64-lasx))
   SUPPORTED_ARCH=true
 else
   SUPPORTED_ARCH=false
@@ -148,13 +153,17 @@ avxvnni = no
 avx512 = no
 vnni256 = no
 vnni512 = no
+altivec = no
+vsx = no
 neon = no
 dotprod = no
 arm_version = 0
+lsx = no
+lasx = no
 STRIP = strip

-ifneq ($(shell which clang-format-17 2> /dev/null),)
-	CLANG-FORMAT = clang-format-17
+ifneq ($(shell which clang-format-18 2> /dev/null),)
+	CLANG-FORMAT = clang-format-18
 else
 	CLANG-FORMAT = clang-format
 endif
@@ -355,6 +364,20 @@ ifeq ($(ARCH),ppc-64)
 	prefetch = yes
 endif

+ifeq ($(ARCH),ppc-64-altivec)
+	arch = ppc64
+	popcnt = yes
+	prefetch = yes
+	altivec = yes
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(ARCH),ppc-64-vsx)
+	arch = ppc64
+	popcnt = yes
+	prefetch = yes
+	vsx = yes
+endif
+
 ifeq ($(findstring e2k,$(ARCH)),e2k)
 	arch = e2k
 	mmx = yes
@@ -370,8 +393,19 @@ ifeq ($(ARCH),riscv64)
 	arch = riscv64
 endif

-ifeq ($(ARCH),loongarch64)
+ifeq ($(findstring loongarch64,$(ARCH)),loongarch64)
 	arch = loongarch64
+	prefetch = yes
+
+ifeq ($(findstring -lasx,$(ARCH)),-lasx)
+	lsx = yes
+	lasx = yes
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(findstring -lsx,$(ARCH)),-lsx)
+	lsx = yes
+endif
+
 endif
 endif

@@ -408,7 +442,7 @@ ifeq ($(COMP),gcc)
 		ifeq ($(ARCH),riscv64)
 			CXXFLAGS += -latomic
 		endif
-	else ifeq ($(ARCH),loongarch64)
+	else ifeq ($(arch),loongarch64)
 		CXXFLAGS += -latomic
 	else
 		CXXFLAGS += -m$(bits)
@@ -480,7 +514,7 @@ ifeq ($(COMP),clang)
 		ifeq ($(ARCH),riscv64)
 			CXXFLAGS += -latomic
 		endif
-	else ifeq ($(ARCH),loongarch64)
+	else ifeq ($(arch),loongarch64)
 		CXXFLAGS += -latomic
 	else
 		CXXFLAGS += -m$(bits)
@@ -489,8 +523,8 @@ ifeq ($(COMP),clang)
 endif

 ifeq ($(KERNEL),Darwin)
-	CXXFLAGS += -mmacosx-version-min=10.14
-	LDFLAGS += -mmacosx-version-min=10.14
+	CXXFLAGS += -mmacosx-version-min=10.15
+	LDFLAGS += -mmacosx-version-min=10.15
 	ifneq ($(arch),any)
 		CXXFLAGS += -arch $(arch)
 		LDFLAGS += -arch $(arch)
@@ -546,11 +580,6 @@ else
 	endif
 endif

-### Travis CI script uses COMPILER to overwrite CXX
-ifdef COMPILER
-	COMPCXX=$(COMPILER)
-endif
-
 ### Allow overwriting CXX from command line
 ifdef COMPCXX
 	CXX=$(COMPCXX)
@@ -639,7 +668,7 @@ else
 endif

 ifeq ($(popcnt),yes)
-	ifeq ($(arch),$(filter $(arch),ppc64 armv7 armv8 arm64))
+	ifeq ($(arch),$(filter $(arch),ppc64 ppc64-altivec ppc64-vsx armv7 armv8 arm64))
 		CXXFLAGS += -DUSE_POPCNT
 	else
 		CXXFLAGS += -msse3 -mpopcnt -DUSE_POPCNT
@@ -709,6 +738,20 @@ ifeq ($(mmx),yes)
 	endif
 endif

+ifeq ($(altivec),yes)
+	CXXFLAGS += -maltivec
+	ifeq ($(COMP),gcc)
+		CXXFLAGS += -mabi=altivec
+	endif
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(vsx),yes)
+	CXXFLAGS += -mvsx
+	ifeq ($(COMP),gcc)
+		CXXFLAGS += -DNO_WARN_X86_INTRINSICS -DUSE_SSE2
+	endif
+endif
+
 ifeq ($(neon),yes)
 	CXXFLAGS += -DUSE_NEON=$(arm_version)
 	ifeq ($(KERNEL),Linux)
@@ -724,6 +767,18 @@ ifeq ($(dotprod),yes)
 	CXXFLAGS += -march=armv8.2-a+dotprod -DUSE_NEON_DOTPROD
 endif

+ifeq ($(lasx),yes)
+	ifeq ($(comp),$(filter $(comp),gcc clang mingw icx))
+		CXXFLAGS += -mlasx
+	endif
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(lsx),yes)
+	ifeq ($(comp),$(filter $(comp),gcc clang mingw icx))
+		CXXFLAGS += -mlsx
+	endif
+endif
+
 ### 3.7 pext
 ifeq ($(pext),yes)
 	CXXFLAGS += -DUSE_PEXT
@@ -796,71 +851,75 @@ endif
 ### ==========================================================================

 help:
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "To compile stockfish, type: "
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "make -j target [ARCH=arch] [COMP=compiler] [COMPCXX=cxx]"
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "Supported targets:"
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "help                    > Display architecture details"
-	@echo "profile-build           > standard build with profile-guided optimization"
-	@echo "build                   > skip profile-guided optimization"
-	@echo "net                     > Download the default nnue nets"
-	@echo "strip                   > Strip executable"
-	@echo "install                 > Install executable"
-	@echo "clean                   > Clean up"
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "Supported archs:"
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "native                  > select the best architecture for the host processor (default)"
-	@echo "x86-64-vnni512          > x86 64-bit with vnni 512bit support"
-	@echo "x86-64-vnni256          > x86 64-bit with vnni 512bit support, limit operands to 256bit wide"
-	@echo "x86-64-avx512           > x86 64-bit with avx512 support"
-	@echo "x86-64-avxvnni          > x86 64-bit with vnni 256bit support"
-	@echo "x86-64-bmi2             > x86 64-bit with bmi2 support"
-	@echo "x86-64-avx2             > x86 64-bit with avx2 support"
-	@echo "x86-64-sse41-popcnt     > x86 64-bit with sse41 and popcnt support"
-	@echo "x86-64-modern           > deprecated, currently x86-64-sse41-popcnt"
-	@echo "x86-64-ssse3            > x86 64-bit with ssse3 support"
-	@echo "x86-64-sse3-popcnt      > x86 64-bit with sse3 compile and popcnt support"
-	@echo "x86-64                  > x86 64-bit generic (with sse2 support)"
-	@echo "x86-32-sse41-popcnt     > x86 32-bit with sse41 and popcnt support"
-	@echo "x86-32-sse2             > x86 32-bit with sse2 support"
-	@echo "x86-32                  > x86 32-bit generic (with mmx compile support)"
-	@echo "ppc-64                  > PPC 64-bit"
-	@echo "ppc-32                  > PPC 32-bit"
-	@echo "armv7                   > ARMv7 32-bit"
-	@echo "armv7-neon              > ARMv7 32-bit with popcnt and neon"
-	@echo "armv8                   > ARMv8 64-bit with popcnt and neon"
-	@echo "armv8-dotprod           > ARMv8 64-bit with popcnt, neon and dot product support"
-	@echo "e2k                     > Elbrus 2000"
-	@echo "apple-silicon           > Apple silicon ARM64"
-	@echo "general-64              > unspecified 64-bit"
-	@echo "general-32              > unspecified 32-bit"
-	@echo "riscv64                 > RISC-V 64-bit"
-	@echo "loongarch64             > LoongArch 64-bit"
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "Supported compilers:"
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "gcc                     > GNU compiler (default)"
-	@echo "mingw                   > GNU compiler with MinGW under Windows"
-	@echo "clang                   > LLVM Clang compiler"
-	@echo "icx                     > Intel oneAPI DPC++/C++ Compiler"
-	@echo "ndk                     > Google NDK to cross-compile for Android"
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "Simple examples. If you don't know what to do, you likely want to run one of: "
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "make -j profile-build ARCH=x86-64-avx2    # typically a fast compile for common systems "
-	@echo "make -j profile-build ARCH=x86-64-sse41-popcnt  # A more portable compile for 64-bit systems "
-	@echo "make -j profile-build ARCH=x86-64         # A portable compile for 64-bit systems "
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "Advanced examples, for experienced users: "
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "make -j profile-build ARCH=x86-64-avxvnni"
-	@echo "make -j profile-build ARCH=x86-64-avxvnni COMP=gcc COMPCXX=g++-12.0"
-	@echo "make -j build ARCH=x86-64-ssse3 COMP=clang"
-	@echo ""
+	@echo "" && \
+	echo "To compile stockfish, type: " && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "make -j target [ARCH=arch] [COMP=compiler] [COMPCXX=cxx]" && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "Supported targets:" && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "help                    > Display architecture details" && \
+	echo "profile-build           > standard build with profile-guided optimization" && \
+	echo "build                   > skip profile-guided optimization" && \
+	echo "net                     > Download the default nnue nets" && \
+	echo "strip                   > Strip executable" && \
+	echo "install                 > Install executable" && \
+	echo "clean                   > Clean up" && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "Supported archs:" && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "native                  > select the best architecture for the host processor (default)" && \
+	echo "x86-64-vnni512          > x86 64-bit with vnni 512bit support" && \
+	echo "x86-64-vnni256          > x86 64-bit with vnni 512bit support, limit operands to 256bit wide" && \
+	echo "x86-64-avx512           > x86 64-bit with avx512 support" && \
+	echo "x86-64-avxvnni          > x86 64-bit with vnni 256bit support" && \
+	echo "x86-64-bmi2             > x86 64-bit with bmi2 support" && \
+	echo "x86-64-avx2             > x86 64-bit with avx2 support" && \
+	echo "x86-64-sse41-popcnt     > x86 64-bit with sse41 and popcnt support" && \
+	echo "x86-64-modern           > deprecated, currently x86-64-sse41-popcnt" && \
+	echo "x86-64-ssse3            > x86 64-bit with ssse3 support" && \
+	echo "x86-64-sse3-popcnt      > x86 64-bit with sse3 compile and popcnt support" && \
+	echo "x86-64                  > x86 64-bit generic (with sse2 support)" && \
+	echo "x86-32-sse41-popcnt     > x86 32-bit with sse41 and popcnt support" && \
+	echo "x86-32-sse2             > x86 32-bit with sse2 support" && \
+	echo "x86-32                  > x86 32-bit generic (with mmx compile support)" && \
+	echo "ppc-64                  > PPC 64-bit" && \
+	echo "ppc-64-altivec          > PPC 64-bit with altivec support" && \
+	echo "ppc-64-vsx              > PPC 64-bit with vsx support" && \
+	echo "ppc-32                  > PPC 32-bit" && \
+	echo "armv7                   > ARMv7 32-bit" && \
+	echo "armv7-neon              > ARMv7 32-bit with popcnt and neon" && \
+	echo "armv8                   > ARMv8 64-bit with popcnt and neon" && \
+	echo "armv8-dotprod           > ARMv8 64-bit with popcnt, neon and dot product support" && \
+	echo "e2k                     > Elbrus 2000" && \
+	echo "apple-silicon           > Apple silicon ARM64" && \
+	echo "general-64              > unspecified 64-bit" && \
+	echo "general-32              > unspecified 32-bit" && \
+	echo "riscv64                 > RISC-V 64-bit" && \
+	echo "loongarch64             > LoongArch 64-bit" && \
+	echo "loongarch64-lsx         > LoongArch 64-bit with SIMD eXtension" && \
+	echo "loongarch64-lasx        > LoongArch 64-bit with Advanced SIMD eXtension" && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "Supported compilers:" && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "gcc                     > GNU compiler (default)" && \
+	echo "mingw                   > GNU compiler with MinGW under Windows" && \
+	echo "clang                   > LLVM Clang compiler" && \
+	echo "icx                     > Intel oneAPI DPC++/C++ Compiler" && \
+	echo "ndk                     > Google NDK to cross-compile for Android" && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "Simple examples. If you don't know what to do, you likely want to run one of: " && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "make -j profile-build ARCH=x86-64-avx2    # typically a fast compile for common systems " && \
+	echo "make -j profile-build ARCH=x86-64-sse41-popcnt  # A more portable compile for 64-bit systems " && \
+	echo "make -j profile-build ARCH=x86-64         # A portable compile for 64-bit systems " && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "Advanced examples, for experienced users: " && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "make -j profile-build ARCH=x86-64-avxvnni" && \
+	echo "make -j profile-build ARCH=x86-64-avxvnni COMP=gcc COMPCXX=g++-12.0" && \
+	echo "make -j build ARCH=x86-64-ssse3 COMP=clang" && \
+	echo ""
 ifneq ($(SUPPORTED_ARCH), true)
 	@echo "Specify a supported architecture with the ARCH option for more details"
 	@echo ""
@@ -922,59 +981,9 @@ profileclean:
 	@rm -f stockfish.res
 	@rm -f ./-lstdc++.res

-define fetch_network
-	@echo "Default net: $(nnuenet)"
-	@if [ "x$(curl_or_wget)" = "x" ]; then \
-		echo "Neither curl nor wget is installed. Install one of these tools unless the net has been downloaded manually"; \
-	fi
-	@if [ "x$(shasum_command)" = "x" ]; then \
-		echo "shasum / sha256sum not found, skipping net validation"; \
-	elif test -f "$(nnuenet)"; then \
-		if [ "$(nnuenet)" != "nn-"`$(shasum_command) $(nnuenet) | cut -c1-12`".nnue" ]; then \
-			echo "Removing invalid network"; rm -f $(nnuenet); \
-		fi; \
-	fi;
-	@for nnuedownloadurl in "$(nnuedownloadurl1)" "$(nnuedownloadurl2)"; do \
-		if test -f "$(nnuenet)"; then \
-			echo "$(nnuenet) available : OK"; break; \
-		else \
-			if [ "x$(curl_or_wget)" != "x" ]; then \
-				echo "Downloading $${nnuedownloadurl}"; $(curl_or_wget) $${nnuedownloadurl} > $(nnuenet);\
-			else \
-				echo "No net found and download not possible"; exit 1;\
-			fi; \
-		fi; \
-		if [ "x$(shasum_command)" != "x" ]; then \
-			if [ "$(nnuenet)" != "nn-"`$(shasum_command) $(nnuenet) | cut -c1-12`".nnue" ]; then \
-				echo "Removing failed download"; rm -f $(nnuenet); \
-			fi; \
-		fi; \
-	done
-	@if ! test -f "$(nnuenet)"; then \
-		echo "Failed to download $(nnuenet)."; \
-	fi;
-	@if [ "x$(shasum_command)" != "x" ]; then \
-		if [ "$(nnuenet)" = "nn-"`$(shasum_command) $(nnuenet) | cut -c1-12`".nnue" ]; then \
-			echo "Network validated"; break; \
-		fi; \
-	fi;
-endef
-
-# set up shell variables for the net stuff
-define netvariables
-$(eval nnuenet := $(shell grep $(1) evaluate.h | grep define | sed 's/.*\(nn-[a-z0-9]\{12\}.nnue\).*/\1/'))
-$(eval nnuedownloadurl1 := https://tests.stockfishchess.org/api/nn/$(nnuenet))
-$(eval nnuedownloadurl2 := https://github.com/official-stockfish/networks/raw/master/$(nnuenet))
-$(eval curl_or_wget := $(shell if hash curl 2>/dev/null; then echo "curl -skL"; elif hash wget 2>/dev/null; then echo "wget -qO-"; fi))
-$(eval shasum_command := $(shell if hash shasum 2>/dev/null; then echo "shasum -a 256 "; elif hash sha256sum 2>/dev/null; then echo "sha256sum "; fi))
-endef
-
 # evaluation network (nnue)
 net:
-	$(call netvariables, EvalFileDefaultNameBig)
-	$(call fetch_network)
-	$(call netvariables, EvalFileDefaultNameSmall)
-	$(call fetch_network)
+	@$(SHELL) ../scripts/net.sh

 format:
 	$(CLANG-FORMAT) -i $(SRCS) $(HEADERS) -style=file
@@ -991,61 +1000,71 @@ all: $(EXE) .depend

 config-sanity: net
 	@echo ""
-	@echo "Config:"
-	@echo "debug: '$(debug)'"
-	@echo "sanitize: '$(sanitize)'"
-	@echo "optimize: '$(optimize)'"
-	@echo "arch: '$(arch)'"
-	@echo "bits: '$(bits)'"
-	@echo "kernel: '$(KERNEL)'"
-	@echo "os: '$(OS)'"
-	@echo "prefetch: '$(prefetch)'"
-	@echo "popcnt: '$(popcnt)'"
-	@echo "pext: '$(pext)'"
-	@echo "sse: '$(sse)'"
-	@echo "mmx: '$(mmx)'"
-	@echo "sse2: '$(sse2)'"
-	@echo "ssse3: '$(ssse3)'"
-	@echo "sse41: '$(sse41)'"
-	@echo "avx2: '$(avx2)'"
-	@echo "avxvnni: '$(avxvnni)'"
-	@echo "avx512: '$(avx512)'"
-	@echo "vnni256: '$(vnni256)'"
-	@echo "vnni512: '$(vnni512)'"
-	@echo "neon: '$(neon)'"
-	@echo "dotprod: '$(dotprod)'"
-	@echo "arm_version: '$(arm_version)'"
-	@echo "target_windows: '$(target_windows)'"
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "Flags:"
-	@echo "CXX: $(CXX)"
-	@echo "CXXFLAGS: $(CXXFLAGS)"
-	@echo "LDFLAGS: $(LDFLAGS)"
-	@echo ""
-	@echo "Testing config sanity. If this fails, try 'make help' ..."
-	@echo ""
-	@test "$(debug)" = "yes" || test "$(debug)" = "no"
-	@test "$(optimize)" = "yes" || test "$(optimize)" = "no"
-	@test "$(SUPPORTED_ARCH)" = "true"
-	@test "$(arch)" = "any" || test "$(arch)" = "x86_64" || test "$(arch)" = "i386" || \
+	@echo "Config:" && \
+	echo "debug: '$(debug)'" && \
+	echo "sanitize: '$(sanitize)'" && \
+	echo "optimize: '$(optimize)'" && \
+	echo "arch: '$(arch)'" && \
+	echo "bits: '$(bits)'" && \
+	echo "kernel: '$(KERNEL)'" && \
+	echo "os: '$(OS)'" && \
+	echo "prefetch: '$(prefetch)'" && \
+	echo "popcnt: '$(popcnt)'" && \
+	echo "pext: '$(pext)'" && \
+	echo "sse: '$(sse)'" && \
+	echo "mmx: '$(mmx)'" && \
+	echo "sse2: '$(sse2)'" && \
+	echo "ssse3: '$(ssse3)'" && \
+	echo "sse41: '$(sse41)'" && \
+	echo "avx2: '$(avx2)'" && \
+	echo "avxvnni: '$(avxvnni)'" && \
+	echo "avx512: '$(avx512)'" && \
+	echo "vnni256: '$(vnni256)'" && \
+	echo "vnni512: '$(vnni512)'" && \
+	echo "altivec: '$(altivec)'" && \
+	echo "vsx: '$(vsx)'" && \
+	echo "neon: '$(neon)'" && \
+	echo "dotprod: '$(dotprod)'" && \
+	echo "arm_version: '$(arm_version)'" && \
+	echo "lsx: '$(lsx)'" && \
+	echo "lasx: '$(lasx)'" && \
+	echo "target_windows: '$(target_windows)'" && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "Flags:" && \
+	echo "CXX: $(CXX)" && \
+	echo "CXXFLAGS: $(CXXFLAGS)" && \
+	echo "LDFLAGS: $(LDFLAGS)" && \
+	echo "" && \
+	echo "Testing config sanity. If this fails, try 'make help' ..." && \
+	echo "" && \
+	(test "$(debug)" = "yes" || test "$(debug)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(optimize)" = "yes" || test "$(optimize)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(SUPPORTED_ARCH)" = "true") && \
+	(test "$(arch)" = "any" || test "$(arch)" = "x86_64" || test "$(arch)" = "i386" || \
 	 test "$(arch)" = "ppc64" || test "$(arch)" = "ppc" || test "$(arch)" = "e2k" || \
-	 test "$(arch)" = "armv7" || test "$(arch)" = "armv8" || test "$(arch)" = "arm64" || test "$(arch)" = "riscv64" || test "$(arch)" = "loongarch64"
-	@test "$(bits)" = "32" || test "$(bits)" = "64"
-	@test "$(prefetch)" = "yes" || test "$(prefetch)" = "no"
-	@test "$(popcnt)" = "yes" || test "$(popcnt)" = "no"
-	@test "$(pext)" = "yes" || test "$(pext)" = "no"
-	@test "$(sse)" = "yes" || test "$(sse)" = "no"
-	@test "$(mmx)" = "yes" || test "$(mmx)" = "no"
-	@test "$(sse2)" = "yes" || test "$(sse2)" = "no"
-	@test "$(ssse3)" = "yes" || test "$(ssse3)" = "no"
-	@test "$(sse41)" = "yes" || test "$(sse41)" = "no"
-	@test "$(avx2)" = "yes" || test "$(avx2)" = "no"
-	@test "$(avx512)" = "yes" || test "$(avx512)" = "no"
-	@test "$(vnni256)" = "yes" || test "$(vnni256)" = "no"
-	@test "$(vnni512)" = "yes" || test "$(vnni512)" = "no"
-	@test "$(neon)" = "yes" || test "$(neon)" = "no"
-	@test "$(comp)" = "gcc" || test "$(comp)" = "icx" || test "$(comp)" = "mingw" || test "$(comp)" = "clang" \
-	|| test "$(comp)" = "armv7a-linux-androideabi16-clang"  || test "$(comp)" = "aarch64-linux-android21-clang"
+	 test "$(arch)" = "armv7" || test "$(arch)" = "armv8" || test "$(arch)" = "arm64" || \
+	 test "$(arch)" = "riscv64" || test "$(arch)" = "loongarch64") && \
+	(test "$(bits)" = "32" || test "$(bits)" = "64") && \
+	(test "$(prefetch)" = "yes" || test "$(prefetch)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(popcnt)" = "yes" || test "$(popcnt)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(pext)" = "yes" || test "$(pext)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(sse)" = "yes" || test "$(sse)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(mmx)" = "yes" || test "$(mmx)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(sse2)" = "yes" || test "$(sse2)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(ssse3)" = "yes" || test "$(ssse3)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(sse41)" = "yes" || test "$(sse41)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(avx2)" = "yes" || test "$(avx2)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(avx512)" = "yes" || test "$(avx512)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(vnni256)" = "yes" || test "$(vnni256)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(vnni512)" = "yes" || test "$(vnni512)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(altivec)" = "yes" || test "$(altivec)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(vsx)" = "yes" || test "$(vsx)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(neon)" = "yes" || test "$(neon)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(lsx)" = "yes" || test "$(lsx)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(lasx)" = "yes" || test "$(lasx)" = "no") && \
+	(test "$(comp)" = "gcc" || test "$(comp)" = "icx" || test "$(comp)" = "mingw" || \
+	 test "$(comp)" = "clang" || test "$(comp)" = "armv7a-linux-androideabi16-clang" || \
+	 test "$(comp)" = "aarch64-linux-android21-clang")

 $(EXE): $(OBJS)
 	+$(CXX) -o $@ $(OBJS) $(LDFLAGS)
@@ -1056,14 +1075,14 @@ FORCE:

 clang-profile-make:
 	$(MAKE) ARCH=$(ARCH) COMP=$(COMP) \
-	EXTRACXXFLAGS='-fprofile-instr-generate ' \
-	EXTRALDFLAGS=' -fprofile-instr-generate' \
+	EXTRACXXFLAGS='-fprofile-generate ' \
+	EXTRALDFLAGS=' -fprofile-generate' \
 	all

 clang-profile-use:
 	$(XCRUN) llvm-profdata merge -output=stockfish.profdata *.profraw
 	$(MAKE) ARCH=$(ARCH) COMP=$(COMP) \
-	EXTRACXXFLAGS='-fprofile-instr-use=stockfish.profdata' \
+	EXTRACXXFLAGS='-fprofile-use=stockfish.profdata' \
 	EXTRALDFLAGS='-fprofile-use ' \
 	all

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -17,14 +17,13 @@
 */

 #include "benchmark.h"
+#include "numa.h"

 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <vector>

-#include "position.h"
-
 namespace {

 // clang-format off
@@ -93,9 +92,285 @@ const std::vector<std::string> Defaults = {
 };
 // clang-format on

+// clang-format off
+// human-randomly picked 5 games with <60 moves from
+// https://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/665c71f9fd45fb0f907c21e0
+// only moves for one side
+const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> BenchmarkPositions = {
+    {
+        "rnbq1k1r/ppp1bppp/4pn2/8/2B5/2NP1N2/PPP2PPP/R1BQR1K1 b - - 2 8",
+        "rnbq1k1r/pp2bppp/4pn2/2p5/2B2B2/2NP1N2/PPP2PPP/R2QR1K1 b - - 1 9",
+        "r1bq1k1r/pp2bppp/2n1pn2/2p5/2B1NB2/3P1N2/PPP2PPP/R2QR1K1 b - - 3 10",
+        "r1bq1k1r/pp2bppp/2n1p3/2p5/2B1PB2/5N2/PPP2PPP/R2QR1K1 b - - 0 11",
+        "r1b2k1r/pp2bppp/2n1p3/2p5/2B1PB2/5N2/PPP2PPP/3RR1K1 b - - 0 12",
+        "r1b1k2r/pp2bppp/2n1p3/2p5/2B1PB2/2P2N2/PP3PPP/3RR1K1 b - - 0 13",
+        "r1b1k2r/1p2bppp/p1n1p3/2p5/4PB2/2P2N2/PP2BPPP/3RR1K1 b - - 1 14",
+        "r1b1k2r/4bppp/p1n1p3/1pp5/P3PB2/2P2N2/1P2BPPP/3RR1K1 b - - 0 15",
+        "r1b1k2r/4bppp/p1n1p3/1P6/2p1PB2/2P2N2/1P2BPPP/3RR1K1 b - - 0 16",
+        "r1b1k2r/4bppp/2n1p3/1p6/2p1PB2/1PP2N2/4BPPP/3RR1K1 b - - 0 17",
+        "r3k2r/3bbppp/2n1p3/1p6/2P1PB2/2P2N2/4BPPP/3RR1K1 b - - 0 18",
+        "r3k2r/3bbppp/2n1p3/8/1pP1P3/2P2N2/3BBPPP/3RR1K1 b - - 1 19",
+        "1r2k2r/3bbppp/2n1p3/8/1pPNP3/2P5/3BBPPP/3RR1K1 b - - 3 20",
+        "1r2k2r/3bbppp/2n1p3/8/2PNP3/2B5/4BPPP/3RR1K1 b - - 0 21",
+        "1r2k2r/3bb1pp/2n1pp2/1N6/2P1P3/2B5/4BPPP/3RR1K1 b - - 1 22",
+        "1r2k2r/3b2pp/2n1pp2/1N6/1BP1P3/8/4BPPP/3RR1K1 b - - 0 23",
+        "1r2k2r/3b2pp/4pp2/1N6/1nP1P3/8/3RBPPP/4R1K1 b - - 1 24",
+        "1r5r/3bk1pp/4pp2/1N6/1nP1PP2/8/3RB1PP/4R1K1 b - - 0 25",
+        "1r5r/3bk1pp/2n1pp2/1N6/2P1PP2/8/3RBKPP/4R3 b - - 2 26",
+        "1r5r/3bk1pp/2n2p2/1N2p3/2P1PP2/6P1/3RBK1P/4R3 b - - 0 27",
+        "1r1r4/3bk1pp/2n2p2/1N2p3/2P1PP2/6P1/3RBK1P/R7 b - - 2 28",
+        "1r1r4/N3k1pp/2n1bp2/4p3/2P1PP2/6P1/3RBK1P/R7 b - - 4 29",
+        "1r1r4/3bk1pp/2N2p2/4p3/2P1PP2/6P1/3RBK1P/R7 b - - 0 30",
+        "1r1R4/4k1pp/2b2p2/4p3/2P1PP2/6P1/4BK1P/R7 b - - 0 31",
+        "3r4/4k1pp/2b2p2/4P3/2P1P3/6P1/4BK1P/R7 b - - 0 32",
+        "3r4/R3k1pp/2b5/4p3/2P1P3/6P1/4BK1P/8 b - - 1 33",
+        "8/3rk1pp/2b5/R3p3/2P1P3/6P1/4BK1P/8 b - - 3 34",
+        "8/3r2pp/2bk4/R1P1p3/4P3/6P1/4BK1P/8 b - - 0 35",
+        "8/2kr2pp/2b5/R1P1p3/4P3/4K1P1/4B2P/8 b - - 2 36",
+        "1k6/3r2pp/2b5/RBP1p3/4P3/4K1P1/7P/8 b - - 4 37",
+        "8/1k1r2pp/2b5/R1P1p3/4P3/3BK1P1/7P/8 b - - 6 38",
+        "1k6/3r2pp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/3BK1P1/7P/R7 b - - 8 39",
+        "1k6/r5pp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/3BK1P1/7P/5R2 b - - 10 40",
+        "1k3R2/6pp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/r2BK1P1/7P/8 b - - 12 41",
+        "5R2/2k3pp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/r2B2P1/3K3P/8 b - - 14 42",
+        "5R2/2k3pp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/3BK1P1/r6P/8 b - - 16 43",
+        "5R2/2k3pp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/r2B2P1/4K2P/8 b - - 18 44",
+        "5R2/2k3pp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/3B1KP1/r6P/8 b - - 20 45",
+        "8/2k2Rpp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/r2B1KP1/7P/8 b - - 22 46",
+        "3k4/5Rpp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/r2B2P1/4K2P/8 b - - 24 47",
+        "3k4/5Rpp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/3B1KP1/r6P/8 b - - 26 48",
+        "3k4/5Rpp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/r2B2P1/4K2P/8 b - - 28 49",
+        "3k4/5Rpp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/3BK1P1/r6P/8 b - - 30 50",
+        "3k4/5Rpp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/r2B2P1/3K3P/8 b - - 32 51",
+        "3k4/5Rpp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/2KB2P1/r6P/8 b - - 34 52",
+        "3k4/5Rpp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/r2B2P1/2K4P/8 b - - 36 53",
+        "3k4/5Rpp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/1K1B2P1/r6P/8 b - - 38 54",
+        "3k4/6Rp/2b5/2P1p3/4P3/1K1B2P1/7r/8 b - - 0 55",
+        "3k4/8/2b3Rp/2P1p3/4P3/1K1B2P1/7r/8 b - - 1 56",
+        "8/2k3R1/2b4p/2P1p3/4P3/1K1B2P1/7r/8 b - - 3 57",
+        "3k4/8/2b3Rp/2P1p3/4P3/1K1B2P1/7r/8 b - - 5 58",
+        "8/2k5/2b3Rp/2P1p3/1K2P3/3B2P1/7r/8 b - - 7 59",
+        "8/2k5/2b3Rp/2P1p3/4P3/2KB2P1/3r4/8 b - - 9 60",
+        "8/2k5/2b3Rp/2P1p3/1K2P3/3B2P1/6r1/8 b - - 11 61",
+        "8/2k5/2b3Rp/2P1p3/4P3/2KB2P1/3r4/8 b - - 13 62",
+        "8/2k5/2b3Rp/2P1p3/2K1P3/3B2P1/6r1/8 b - - 15 63",
+        "4b3/2k3R1/7p/2P1p3/2K1P3/3B2P1/6r1/8 b - - 17 64",
+    },
+    {
+        "r1bqkbnr/npp1pppp/p7/3P4/4pB2/2N5/PPP2PPP/R2QKBNR w KQkq - 1 6",
+        "r1bqkb1r/npp1pppp/p4n2/3P4/4pB2/2N5/PPP1QPPP/R3KBNR w KQkq - 3 7",
+        "r2qkb1r/npp1pppp/p4n2/3P1b2/4pB2/2N5/PPP1QPPP/2KR1BNR w kq - 5 8",
+        "r2qkb1r/1pp1pppp/p4n2/1n1P1b2/4pB2/2N4P/PPP1QPP1/2KR1BNR w kq - 1 9",
+        "r2qkb1r/1pp1pppp/5n2/1p1P1b2/4pB2/7P/PPP1QPP1/2KR1BNR w kq - 0 10",
+        "r2qkb1r/1ppbpppp/5n2/1Q1P4/4pB2/7P/PPP2PP1/2KR1BNR w kq - 1 11",
+        "3qkb1r/1Qpbpppp/5n2/3P4/4pB2/7P/rPP2PP1/2KR1BNR w k - 0 12",
+        "q3kb1r/1Qpbpppp/5n2/3P4/4pB2/7P/rPP2PP1/1K1R1BNR w k - 2 13",
+        "r3kb1r/2pbpppp/5n2/3P4/4pB2/7P/1PP2PP1/1K1R1BNR w k - 0 14",
+        "r3kb1r/2Bb1ppp/4pn2/3P4/4p3/7P/1PP2PP1/1K1R1BNR w k - 0 15",
+        "r3kb1r/2Bb2pp/4pn2/8/4p3/7P/1PP2PP1/1K1R1BNR w k - 0 16",
+        "r3k2r/2Bb2pp/4pn2/2b5/4p3/7P/1PP1NPP1/1K1R1B1R w k - 2 17",
+        "r6r/2Bbk1pp/4pn2/2b5/3Np3/7P/1PP2PP1/1K1R1B1R w - - 4 18",
+        "r6r/b2bk1pp/4pn2/4B3/3Np3/7P/1PP2PP1/1K1R1B1R w - - 6 19",
+        "r1r5/b2bk1pp/4pn2/4B3/2BNp3/7P/1PP2PP1/1K1R3R w - - 8 20",
+        "r7/b2bk1pp/4pn2/2r1B3/2BNp3/1P5P/2P2PP1/1K1R3R w - - 1 21",
+        "rb6/3bk1pp/4pn2/2r1B3/2BNpP2/1P5P/2P3P1/1K1R3R w - - 1 22",
+        "1r6/3bk1pp/4pn2/2r5/2BNpP2/1P5P/2P3P1/1K1R3R w - - 0 23",
+        "1r6/3bk1p1/4pn1p/2r5/2BNpP2/1P5P/2P3P1/2KR3R w - - 0 24",
+        "8/3bk1p1/1r2pn1p/2r5/2BNpP1P/1P6/2P3P1/2KR3R w - - 1 25",
+        "8/3bk3/1r2pnpp/2r5/2BNpP1P/1P6/2P3P1/2K1R2R w - - 0 26",
+        "2b5/4k3/1r2pnpp/2r5/2BNpP1P/1P4P1/2P5/2K1R2R w - - 1 27",
+        "8/1b2k3/1r2pnpp/2r5/2BNpP1P/1P4P1/2P5/2K1R1R1 w - - 3 28",
+        "8/1b1nk3/1r2p1pp/2r5/2BNpPPP/1P6/2P5/2K1R1R1 w - - 1 29",
+        "8/1b2k3/1r2p1pp/2r1nP2/2BNp1PP/1P6/2P5/2K1R1R1 w - - 1 30",
+        "8/1b2k3/1r2p1p1/2r1nPp1/2BNp2P/1P6/2P5/2K1R1R1 w - - 0 31",
+        "8/1b2k3/1r2p1n1/2r3p1/2BNp2P/1P6/2P5/2K1R1R1 w - - 0 32",
+        "8/1b2k3/1r2p1n1/6r1/2BNp2P/1P6/2P5/2K1R3 w - - 0 33",
+        "8/1b2k3/1r2p3/4n1P1/2BNp3/1P6/2P5/2K1R3 w - - 1 34",
+        "8/1b2k3/1r2p3/4n1P1/2BN4/1P2p3/2P5/2K4R w - - 0 35",
+        "8/1b2k3/1r2p2R/6P1/2nN4/1P2p3/2P5/2K5 w - - 0 36",
+        "8/1b2k3/3rp2R/6P1/2PN4/4p3/2P5/2K5 w - - 1 37",
+        "8/4k3/3rp2R/6P1/2PN4/2P1p3/6b1/2K5 w - - 1 38",
+        "8/4k3/r3p2R/2P3P1/3N4/2P1p3/6b1/2K5 w - - 1 39",
+        "8/3k4/r3p2R/2P2NP1/8/2P1p3/6b1/2K5 w - - 3 40",
+        "8/3k4/4p2R/2P3P1/8/2P1N3/6b1/r1K5 w - - 1 41",
+        "8/3k4/4p2R/2P3P1/8/2P1N3/3K2b1/6r1 w - - 3 42",
+        "8/3k4/4p2R/2P3P1/8/2PKNb2/8/6r1 w - - 5 43",
+        "8/4k3/4p1R1/2P3P1/8/2PKNb2/8/6r1 w - - 7 44",
+        "8/4k3/4p1R1/2P3P1/3K4/2P1N3/8/6rb w - - 9 45",
+        "8/3k4/4p1R1/2P1K1P1/8/2P1N3/8/6rb w - - 11 46",
+        "8/3k4/4p1R1/2P3P1/5K2/2P1N3/8/4r2b w - - 13 47",
+        "8/3k4/2b1p2R/2P3P1/5K2/2P1N3/8/4r3 w - - 15 48",
+        "8/3k4/2b1p3/2P3P1/5K2/2P1N2R/8/6r1 w - - 17 49",
+        "2k5/7R/2b1p3/2P3P1/5K2/2P1N3/8/6r1 w - - 19 50",
+        "2k5/7R/4p3/2P3P1/b1P2K2/4N3/8/6r1 w - - 1 51",
+        "2k5/3bR3/4p3/2P3P1/2P2K2/4N3/8/6r1 w - - 3 52",
+        "3k4/3b2R1/4p3/2P3P1/2P2K2/4N3/8/6r1 w - - 5 53",
+        "3kb3/6R1/4p1P1/2P5/2P2K2/4N3/8/6r1 w - - 1 54",
+        "3kb3/6R1/4p1P1/2P5/2P2KN1/8/8/2r5 w - - 3 55",
+        "3kb3/6R1/4p1P1/2P1N3/2P2K2/8/8/5r2 w - - 5 56",
+        "3kb3/6R1/4p1P1/2P1N3/2P5/4K3/8/4r3 w - - 7 57",
+    },
+    {
+        "rnbq1rk1/ppp1npb1/4p1p1/3P3p/3PP3/2N2N2/PP2BPPP/R1BQ1RK1 b - - 0 8",
+        "rnbq1rk1/ppp1npb1/6p1/3pP2p/3P4/2N2N2/PP2BPPP/R1BQ1RK1 b - - 0 9",
+        "rn1q1rk1/ppp1npb1/6p1/3pP2p/3P2b1/2N2N2/PP2BPPP/R1BQR1K1 b - - 2 10",
+        "r2q1rk1/ppp1npb1/2n3p1/3pP2p/3P2bN/2N5/PP2BPPP/R1BQR1K1 b - - 4 11",
+        "r4rk1/pppqnpb1/2n3p1/3pP2p/3P2bN/2N4P/PP2BPP1/R1BQR1K1 b - - 0 12",
+        "r4rk1/pppqnpb1/2n3p1/3pP2p/3P3N/7P/PP2NPP1/R1BQR1K1 b - - 0 13",
+        "r4rk1/pppq1pb1/2n3p1/3pPN1p/3P4/7P/PP2NPP1/R1BQR1K1 b - - 0 14",
+        "r4rk1/ppp2pb1/2n3p1/3pPq1p/3P1N2/7P/PP3PP1/R1BQR1K1 b - - 1 15",
+        "r4rk1/pppq1pb1/2n3p1/3pP2p/P2P1N2/7P/1P3PP1/R1BQR1K1 b - - 0 16",
+        "r2n1rk1/pppq1pb1/6p1/3pP2p/P2P1N2/R6P/1P3PP1/2BQR1K1 b - - 2 17",
+        "r4rk1/pppq1pb1/4N1p1/3pP2p/P2P4/R6P/1P3PP1/2BQR1K1 b - - 0 18",
+        "r4rk1/ppp2pb1/4q1p1/3pP1Bp/P2P4/R6P/1P3PP1/3QR1K1 b - - 1 19",
+        "r3r1k1/ppp2pb1/4q1p1/3pP1Bp/P2P1P2/R6P/1P4P1/3QR1K1 b - - 0 20",
+        "r3r1k1/ppp3b1/4qpp1/3pP2p/P2P1P1B/R6P/1P4P1/3QR1K1 b - - 1 21",
+        "r3r1k1/ppp3b1/4q1p1/3pP2p/P4P1B/R6P/1P4P1/3QR1K1 b - - 0 22",
+        "r4rk1/ppp3b1/4q1p1/3pP1Bp/P4P2/R6P/1P4P1/3QR1K1 b - - 2 23",
+        "r4rk1/pp4b1/4q1p1/2ppP1Bp/P4P2/3R3P/1P4P1/3QR1K1 b - - 1 24",
+        "r4rk1/pp4b1/4q1p1/2p1P1Bp/P2p1PP1/3R3P/1P6/3QR1K1 b - - 0 25",
+        "r4rk1/pp4b1/4q1p1/2p1P1B1/P2p1PP1/3R4/1P6/3QR1K1 b - - 0 26",
+        "r5k1/pp3rb1/4q1p1/2p1P1B1/P2p1PP1/6R1/1P6/3QR1K1 b - - 2 27",
+        "5rk1/pp3rb1/4q1p1/2p1P1B1/P2pRPP1/6R1/1P6/3Q2K1 b - - 4 28",
+        "5rk1/1p3rb1/p3q1p1/P1p1P1B1/3pRPP1/6R1/1P6/3Q2K1 b - - 0 29",
+        "4r1k1/1p3rb1/p3q1p1/P1p1P1B1/3pRPP1/1P4R1/8/3Q2K1 b - - 0 30",
+        "4r1k1/5rb1/pP2q1p1/2p1P1B1/3pRPP1/1P4R1/8/3Q2K1 b - - 0 31",
+        "4r1k1/5rb1/pq4p1/2p1P1B1/3pRPP1/1P4R1/4Q3/6K1 b - - 1 32",
+        "4r1k1/1r4b1/pq4p1/2p1P1B1/3pRPP1/1P4R1/2Q5/6K1 b - - 3 33",
+        "4r1k1/1r4b1/1q4p1/p1p1P1B1/3p1PP1/1P4R1/2Q5/4R1K1 b - - 1 34",
+        "4r1k1/3r2b1/1q4p1/p1p1P1B1/2Qp1PP1/1P4R1/8/4R1K1 b - - 3 35",
+        "4r1k1/3r2b1/4q1p1/p1p1P1B1/2Qp1PP1/1P4R1/5K2/4R3 b - - 5 36",
+        "4r1k1/3r2b1/6p1/p1p1P1B1/2Pp1PP1/6R1/5K2/4R3 b - - 0 37",
+        "4r1k1/3r2b1/6p1/p1p1P1B1/2P2PP1/3p2R1/5K2/3R4 b - - 1 38",
+        "5rk1/3r2b1/6p1/p1p1P1B1/2P2PP1/3p2R1/8/3RK3 b - - 3 39",
+        "5rk1/6b1/6p1/p1p1P1B1/2Pr1PP1/3R4/8/3RK3 b - - 0 40",
+        "5rk1/3R2b1/6p1/p1p1P1B1/2r2PP1/8/8/3RK3 b - - 1 41",
+        "5rk1/3R2b1/6p1/p1p1P1B1/4rPP1/8/3K4/3R4 b - - 3 42",
+        "1r4k1/3R2b1/6p1/p1p1P1B1/4rPP1/2K5/8/3R4 b - - 5 43",
+        "1r4k1/3R2b1/6p1/p1p1P1B1/2K2PP1/4r3/8/3R4 b - - 7 44",
+        "1r3bk1/8/3R2p1/p1p1P1B1/2K2PP1/4r3/8/3R4 b - - 9 45",
+        "1r3bk1/8/6R1/2p1P1B1/p1K2PP1/4r3/8/3R4 b - - 0 46",
+        "1r3b2/5k2/R7/2p1P1B1/p1K2PP1/4r3/8/3R4 b - - 2 47",
+        "5b2/1r3k2/R7/2p1P1B1/p1K2PP1/4r3/8/7R b - - 4 48",
+        "5b2/5k2/R7/2pKP1B1/pr3PP1/4r3/8/7R b - - 6 49",
+        "5b2/5k2/R1K5/2p1P1B1/p2r1PP1/4r3/8/7R b - - 8 50",
+        "8/R4kb1/2K5/2p1P1B1/p2r1PP1/4r3/8/7R b - - 10 51",
+        "8/R5b1/2K3k1/2p1PPB1/p2r2P1/4r3/8/7R b - - 0 52",
+        "8/6R1/2K5/2p1PPk1/p2r2P1/4r3/8/7R b - - 0 53",
+        "8/6R1/2K5/2p1PP2/p2r1kP1/4r3/8/5R2 b - - 2 54",
+        "8/6R1/2K2P2/2p1P3/p2r2P1/4r1k1/8/5R2 b - - 0 55",
+        "8/5PR1/2K5/2p1P3/p2r2P1/4r3/6k1/5R2 b - - 0 56",
+    },
+    {
+        "rn1qkb1r/p1pbpppp/5n2/8/2pP4/2N5/1PQ1PPPP/R1B1KBNR w KQkq - 0 7",
+        "r2qkb1r/p1pbpppp/2n2n2/8/2pP4/2N2N2/1PQ1PPPP/R1B1KB1R w KQkq - 2 8",
+        "r2qkb1r/p1pbpppp/5n2/8/1npPP3/2N2N2/1PQ2PPP/R1B1KB1R w KQkq - 1 9",
+        "r2qkb1r/p1pb1ppp/4pn2/8/1npPP3/2N2N2/1P3PPP/R1BQKB1R w KQkq - 0 10",
+        "r2qk2r/p1pbbppp/4pn2/8/1nBPP3/2N2N2/1P3PPP/R1BQK2R w KQkq - 1 11",
+        "r2q1rk1/p1pbbppp/4pn2/8/1nBPP3/2N2N2/1P3PPP/R1BQ1RK1 w - - 3 12",
+        "r2q1rk1/2pbbppp/p3pn2/8/1nBPPB2/2N2N2/1P3PPP/R2Q1RK1 w - - 0 13",
+        "r2q1rk1/2p1bppp/p3pn2/1b6/1nBPPB2/2N2N2/1P3PPP/R2QR1K1 w - - 2 14",
+        "r2q1rk1/4bppp/p1p1pn2/1b6/1nBPPB2/1PN2N2/5PPP/R2QR1K1 w - - 0 15",
+        "r4rk1/3qbppp/p1p1pn2/1b6/1nBPPB2/1PN2N2/3Q1PPP/R3R1K1 w - - 2 16",
+        "r4rk1/1q2bppp/p1p1pn2/1b6/1nBPPB2/1PN2N1P/3Q1PP1/R3R1K1 w - - 1 17",
+        "r3r1k1/1q2bppp/p1p1pn2/1b6/1nBPPB2/1PN2N1P/4QPP1/R3R1K1 w - - 3 18",
+        "r3r1k1/1q1nbppp/p1p1p3/1b6/1nBPPB2/1PN2N1P/4QPP1/3RR1K1 w - - 5 19",
+        "r3rbk1/1q1n1ppp/p1p1p3/1b6/1nBPPB2/1PN2N1P/3RQPP1/4R1K1 w - - 7 20",
+        "r3rbk1/1q3ppp/pnp1p3/1b6/1nBPPB2/1PN2N1P/3RQPP1/4R2K w - - 9 21",
+        "2r1rbk1/1q3ppp/pnp1p3/1b6/1nBPPB2/1PN2N1P/3RQPP1/1R5K w - - 11 22",
+        "2r1rbk1/1q4pp/pnp1pp2/1b6/1nBPPB2/1PN2N1P/4QPP1/1R1R3K w - - 0 23",
+        "2r1rbk1/5qpp/pnp1pp2/1b6/1nBPP3/1PN1BN1P/4QPP1/1R1R3K w - - 2 24",
+        "2r1rbk1/5qp1/pnp1pp1p/1b6/1nBPP3/1PN1BN1P/4QPP1/1R1R2K1 w - - 0 25",
+        "2r1rbk1/5qp1/pnp1pp1p/1b6/2BPP3/1P2BN1P/n3QPP1/1R1R2K1 w - - 0 26",
+        "r3rbk1/5qp1/pnp1pp1p/1b6/2BPP3/1P2BN1P/Q4PP1/1R1R2K1 w - - 1 27",
+        "rr3bk1/5qp1/pnp1pp1p/1b6/2BPP3/1P2BN1P/Q4PP1/R2R2K1 w - - 3 28",
+        "rr2qbk1/6p1/pnp1pp1p/1b6/2BPP3/1P2BN1P/4QPP1/R2R2K1 w - - 5 29",
+        "rr2qbk1/6p1/1np1pp1p/pb6/2BPP3/1P1QBN1P/5PP1/R2R2K1 w - - 0 30",
+        "rr2qbk1/6p1/1n2pp1p/pp6/3PP3/1P1QBN1P/5PP1/R2R2K1 w - - 0 31",
+        "rr2qbk1/6p1/1n2pp1p/1p1P4/p3P3/1P1QBN1P/5PP1/R2R2K1 w - - 0 32",
+        "rr2qbk1/3n2p1/3Ppp1p/1p6/p3P3/1P1QBN1P/5PP1/R2R2K1 w - - 1 33",
+        "rr3bk1/3n2p1/3Ppp1p/1p5q/pP2P3/3QBN1P/5PP1/R2R2K1 w - - 1 34",
+        "rr3bk1/3n2p1/3Ppp1p/1p5q/1P2P3/p2QBN1P/5PP1/2RR2K1 w - - 0 35",
+        "1r3bk1/3n2p1/r2Ppp1p/1p5q/1P2P3/pQ2BN1P/5PP1/2RR2K1 w - - 2 36",
+        "1r2qbk1/2Rn2p1/r2Ppp1p/1p6/1P2P3/pQ2BN1P/5PP1/3R2K1 w - - 4 37",
+        "1r2qbk1/2Rn2p1/r2Ppp1p/1pB5/1P2P3/1Q3N1P/p4PP1/3R2K1 w - - 0 38",
+        "1r2q1k1/2Rn2p1/r2bpp1p/1pB5/1P2P3/1Q3N1P/p4PP1/R5K1 w - - 0 39",
+        "1r2q1k1/2Rn2p1/3rpp1p/1p6/1P2P3/1Q3N1P/p4PP1/R5K1 w - - 0 40",
+        "2r1q1k1/2Rn2p1/3rpp1p/1p6/1P2P3/5N1P/Q4PP1/R5K1 w - - 1 41",
+        "1r2q1k1/1R1n2p1/3rpp1p/1p6/1P2P3/5N1P/Q4PP1/R5K1 w - - 3 42",
+        "2r1q1k1/2Rn2p1/3rpp1p/1p6/1P2P3/5N1P/Q4PP1/R5K1 w - - 5 43",
+        "1r2q1k1/1R1n2p1/3rpp1p/1p6/1P2P3/5N1P/Q4PP1/R5K1 w - - 7 44",
+        "1rq3k1/R2n2p1/3rpp1p/1p6/1P2P3/5N1P/Q4PP1/R5K1 w - - 9 45",
+        "2q3k1/Rr1n2p1/3rpp1p/1p6/1P2P3/5N1P/4QPP1/R5K1 w - - 11 46",
+        "Rrq3k1/3n2p1/3rpp1p/1p6/1P2P3/5N1P/4QPP1/R5K1 w - - 13 47",
+    },
+    {
+        "rn1qkb1r/1pp2ppp/p4p2/3p1b2/5P2/1P2PN2/P1PP2PP/RN1QKB1R b KQkq - 1 6",
+        "r2qkb1r/1pp2ppp/p1n2p2/3p1b2/3P1P2/1P2PN2/P1P3PP/RN1QKB1R b KQkq - 0 7",
+        "r2qkb1r/1pp2ppp/p4p2/3p1b2/1n1P1P2/1P1BPN2/P1P3PP/RN1QK2R b KQkq - 2 8",
+        "r2qkb1r/1pp2ppp/p4p2/3p1b2/3P1P2/1P1PPN2/P5PP/RN1QK2R b KQkq - 0 9",
+        "r2qk2r/1pp2ppp/p2b1p2/3p1b2/3P1P2/1PNPPN2/P5PP/R2QK2R b KQkq - 2 10",
+        "r2qk2r/1p3ppp/p1pb1p2/3p1b2/3P1P2/1PNPPN2/P5PP/R2Q1RK1 b kq - 1 11",
+        "r2q1rk1/1p3ppp/p1pb1p2/3p1b2/3P1P2/1PNPPN2/P2Q2PP/R4RK1 b - - 3 12",
+        "r2qr1k1/1p3ppp/p1pb1p2/3p1b2/3P1P2/1P1PPN2/P2QN1PP/R4RK1 b - - 5 13",
+        "r3r1k1/1p3ppp/pqpb1p2/3p1b2/3P1P2/1P1PPNN1/P2Q2PP/R4RK1 b - - 7 14",
+        "r3r1k1/1p3ppp/pqp2p2/3p1b2/1b1P1P2/1P1PPNN1/P1Q3PP/R4RK1 b - - 9 15",
+        "r3r1k1/1p1b1ppp/pqp2p2/3p4/1b1P1P2/1P1PPNN1/P4QPP/R4RK1 b - - 11 16",
+        "2r1r1k1/1p1b1ppp/pqp2p2/3p4/1b1PPP2/1P1P1NN1/P4QPP/R4RK1 b - - 0 17",
+        "2r1r1k1/1p1b1ppp/pq3p2/2pp4/1b1PPP2/PP1P1NN1/5QPP/R4RK1 b - - 0 18",
+        "2r1r1k1/1p1b1ppp/pq3p2/2Pp4/4PP2/PPbP1NN1/5QPP/R4RK1 b - - 0 19",
+        "2r1r1k1/1p1b1ppp/p4p2/2Pp4/4PP2/PqbP1NN1/5QPP/RR4K1 b - - 1 20",
+        "2r1r1k1/1p1b1ppp/p4p2/2Pp4/q3PP2/P1bP1NN1/R4QPP/1R4K1 b - - 3 21",
+        "2r1r1k1/1p3ppp/p4p2/1bPP4/q4P2/P1bP1NN1/R4QPP/1R4K1 b - - 0 22",
+        "2r1r1k1/1p3ppp/p4p2/2PP4/q4P2/P1bb1NN1/R4QPP/2R3K1 b - - 1 23",
+        "2r1r1k1/1p3ppp/p2P1p2/2P5/2q2P2/P1bb1NN1/R4QPP/2R3K1 b - - 0 24",
+        "2rr2k1/1p3ppp/p2P1p2/2P5/2q2P2/P1bb1NN1/R4QPP/2R4K b - - 2 25",
+        "2rr2k1/1p3ppp/p2P1p2/2Q5/5P2/P1bb1NN1/R5PP/2R4K b - - 0 26",
+        "3r2k1/1p3ppp/p2P1p2/2r5/5P2/P1bb1N2/R3N1PP/2R4K b - - 1 27",
+        "3r2k1/1p3ppp/p2P1p2/2r5/5P2/P1b2N2/4R1PP/2R4K b - - 0 28",
+        "3r2k1/1p3ppp/p2P1p2/2r5/1b3P2/P4N2/4R1PP/3R3K b - - 2 29",
+        "3r2k1/1p2Rppp/p2P1p2/b1r5/5P2/P4N2/6PP/3R3K b - - 4 30",
+        "3r2k1/1R3ppp/p1rP1p2/b7/5P2/P4N2/6PP/3R3K b - - 0 31",
+        "3r2k1/1R3ppp/p2R1p2/b7/5P2/P4N2/6PP/7K b - - 0 32",
+        "6k1/1R3ppp/p2r1p2/b7/5P2/P4NP1/7P/7K b - - 0 33",
+        "6k1/1R3p1p/p2r1pp1/b7/5P1P/P4NP1/8/7K b - - 0 34",
+        "6k1/3R1p1p/pr3pp1/b7/5P1P/P4NP1/8/7K b - - 2 35",
+        "6k1/5p2/pr3pp1/b2R3p/5P1P/P4NP1/8/7K b - - 1 36",
+        "6k1/5p2/pr3pp1/7p/5P1P/P1bR1NP1/8/7K b - - 3 37",
+        "6k1/5p2/p1r2pp1/7p/5P1P/P1bR1NP1/6K1/8 b - - 5 38",
+        "6k1/5p2/p1r2pp1/b2R3p/5P1P/P4NP1/6K1/8 b - - 7 39",
+        "6k1/5p2/p4pp1/b2R3p/5P1P/P4NPK/2r5/8 b - - 9 40",
+        "6k1/2b2p2/p4pp1/7p/5P1P/P2R1NPK/2r5/8 b - - 11 41",
+        "6k1/2b2p2/5pp1/p6p/3N1P1P/P2R2PK/2r5/8 b - - 1 42",
+        "6k1/2b2p2/5pp1/p6p/3N1P1P/P1R3PK/r7/8 b - - 3 43",
+        "6k1/5p2/1b3pp1/p6p/5P1P/P1R3PK/r1N5/8 b - - 5 44",
+        "8/5pk1/1bR2pp1/p6p/5P1P/P5PK/r1N5/8 b - - 7 45",
+        "3b4/5pk1/2R2pp1/p4P1p/7P/P5PK/r1N5/8 b - - 0 46",
+        "8/4bpk1/2R2pp1/p4P1p/6PP/P6K/r1N5/8 b - - 0 47",
+        "8/5pk1/2R2pP1/p6p/6PP/b6K/r1N5/8 b - - 0 48",
+        "8/6k1/2R2pp1/p6P/7P/b6K/r1N5/8 b - - 0 49",
+        "8/6k1/2R2p2/p6p/7P/b5K1/r1N5/8 b - - 1 50",
+        "8/8/2R2pk1/p6p/7P/b4K2/r1N5/8 b - - 3 51",
+        "8/8/2R2pk1/p6p/7P/4NK2/rb6/8 b - - 5 52",
+        "2R5/8/5pk1/7p/p6P/4NK2/rb6/8 b - - 1 53",
+        "6R1/8/5pk1/7p/p6P/4NK2/1b6/r7 b - - 3 54",
+        "R7/5k2/5p2/7p/p6P/4NK2/1b6/r7 b - - 5 55",
+        "R7/5k2/5p2/7p/7P/p3N3/1b2K3/r7 b - - 1 56",
+        "8/R4k2/5p2/7p/7P/p3N3/1b2K3/7r b - - 3 57",
+        "8/8/5pk1/7p/R6P/p3N3/1b2K3/7r b - - 5 58",
+        "8/8/5pk1/7p/R6P/p7/4K3/2bN3r b - - 7 59",
+        "8/8/5pk1/7p/R6P/p7/4KN1r/2b5 b - - 9 60",
+        "8/8/5pk1/7p/R6P/p3K3/1b3N1r/8 b - - 11 61",
+        "8/8/R4pk1/7p/7P/p1b1K3/5N1r/8 b - - 13 62",
+        "8/8/5pk1/7p/7P/2b1K3/R4N1r/8 b - - 0 63",
+        "8/8/5pk1/7p/3K3P/8/R4N1r/4b3 b - - 2 64",
+    }
+};
+// clang-format on
+
 }  // namespace

-namespace Stockfish {
+namespace Stockfish::Benchmark {

 // Builds a list of UCI commands to be run by bench. There
 // are five parameters: TT size in MB, number of search threads that
@@ -108,7 +383,7 @@ namespace Stockfish {
 // bench 64 1 100000 default nodes  : search default positions for 100K nodes each
 // bench 64 4 5000 current movetime : search current position with 4 threads for 5 sec
 // bench 16 1 5 blah perft          : run a perft 5 on positions in file "blah"
-std::vector<std::string> setup_bench(const Position& current, std::istream& is) {
+std::vector<std::string> setup_bench(const std::string& currentFen, std::istream& is) {

    std::vector<std::string> fens, list;
    std::string              go, token;
@@ -126,7 +401,7 @@ std::vector<std::string> setup_bench(const Position& current, std::istream& is)
        fens = Defaults;

    else if (fenFile == "current")
-        fens.push_back(current.fen());
+        fens.push_back(currentFen);

    else
    {
@@ -162,4 +437,76 @@ std::vector<std::string> setup_bench(const Position& current, std::istream& is)
    return list;
 }

+BenchmarkSetup setup_benchmark(std::istream& is) {
+    // TT_SIZE_PER_THREAD is chosen such that roughly half of the hash is used all positions
+    // for the current sequence have been searched.
+    static constexpr int TT_SIZE_PER_THREAD = 128;
+
+    static constexpr int DEFAULT_DURATION_S = 150;
+
+    BenchmarkSetup setup{};
+
+    // Assign default values to missing arguments
+    int desiredTimeS;
+
+    if (!(is >> setup.threads))
+        setup.threads = get_hardware_concurrency();
+    else
+        setup.originalInvocation += std::to_string(setup.threads);
+
+    if (!(is >> setup.ttSize))
+        setup.ttSize = TT_SIZE_PER_THREAD * setup.threads;
+    else
+        setup.originalInvocation += " " + std::to_string(setup.ttSize);
+
+    if (!(is >> desiredTimeS))
+        desiredTimeS = DEFAULT_DURATION_S;
+    else
+        setup.originalInvocation += " " + std::to_string(desiredTimeS);
+
+    setup.filledInvocation += std::to_string(setup.threads) + " " + std::to_string(setup.ttSize)
+                            + " " + std::to_string(desiredTimeS);
+
+    auto getCorrectedTime = [&](int ply) {
+        // time per move is fit roughly based on LTC games
+        // seconds = 50/{ply+15}
+        // ms = 50000/{ply+15}
+        // with this fit 10th move gets 2000ms
+        // adjust for desired 10th move time
+        return 50000.0 / (static_cast<double>(ply) + 15.0);
+    };
+
+    float totalTime = 0;
+    for (const auto& game : BenchmarkPositions)
+    {
+        setup.commands.emplace_back("ucinewgame");
+        int ply = 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(game.size()); ++i)
+        {
+            const float correctedTime = getCorrectedTime(ply);
+            totalTime += correctedTime;
+            ply += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    float timeScaleFactor = static_cast<float>(desiredTimeS * 1000) / totalTime;
+
+    for (const auto& game : BenchmarkPositions)
+    {
+        setup.commands.emplace_back("ucinewgame");
+        int ply = 1;
+        for (const std::string& fen : game)
+        {
+            setup.commands.emplace_back("position fen " + fen);
+
+            const int correctedTime = static_cast<int>(getCorrectedTime(ply) * timeScaleFactor);
+            setup.commands.emplace_back("go movetime " + std::to_string(correctedTime));
+
+            ply += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return setup;
+}
+
 }  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -23,11 +23,19 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>

-namespace Stockfish {
+namespace Stockfish::Benchmark {

-class Position;
+std::vector<std::string> setup_bench(const std::string&, std::istream&);

-std::vector<std::string> setup_bench(const Position&, std::istream&);
+struct BenchmarkSetup {
+    int                      ttSize;
+    int                      threads;
+    std::vector<std::string> commands;
+    std::string              originalInvocation;
+    std::string              filledInvocation;
+};
+
+BenchmarkSetup setup_benchmark(std::istream&);

 }  // namespace Stockfish

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -34,15 +34,14 @@ Bitboard BetweenBB[SQUARE_NB][SQUARE_NB];
 Bitboard PseudoAttacks[PIECE_TYPE_NB][SQUARE_NB];
 Bitboard PawnAttacks[COLOR_NB][SQUARE_NB];

-Magic RookMagics[SQUARE_NB];
-Magic BishopMagics[SQUARE_NB];
+alignas(64) Magic Magics[SQUARE_NB][2];

 namespace {

 Bitboard RookTable[0x19000];   // To store rook attacks
 Bitboard BishopTable[0x1480];  // To store bishop attacks

-void init_magics(PieceType pt, Bitboard table[], Magic magics[]);
+void init_magics(PieceType pt, Bitboard table[], Magic magics[][2]);

 // Returns the bitboard of target square for the given step
 // from the given square. If the step is off the board, returns empty bitboard.
@@ -82,8 +81,8 @@ void Bitboards::init() {
        for (Square s2 = SQ_A1; s2 <= SQ_H8; ++s2)
            SquareDistance[s1][s2] = std::max(distance<File>(s1, s2), distance<Rank>(s1, s2));

-    init_magics(ROOK, RookTable, RookMagics);
-    init_magics(BISHOP, BishopTable, BishopMagics);
+    init_magics(ROOK, RookTable, Magics);
+    init_magics(BISHOP, BishopTable, Magics);

    for (Square s1 = SQ_A1; s1 <= SQ_H8; ++s1)
    {
@@ -124,8 +123,14 @@ Bitboard sliding_attack(PieceType pt, Square sq, Bitboard occupied) {
    for (Direction d : (pt == ROOK ? RookDirections : BishopDirections))
    {
        Square s = sq;
-        while (safe_destination(s, d) && !(occupied & s))
+        while (safe_destination(s, d))
+        {
            attacks |= (s += d);
+            if (occupied & s)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
    }

    return attacks;
@@ -134,41 +139,49 @@ Bitboard sliding_attack(PieceType pt, Square sq, Bitboard occupied) {

 // Computes all rook and bishop attacks at startup. Magic
 // bitboards are used to look up attacks of sliding pieces. As a reference see
-// www.chessprogramming.org/Magic_Bitboards. In particular, here we use the so
-// called "fancy" approach.
-void init_magics(PieceType pt, Bitboard table[], Magic magics[]) {
+// https://www.chessprogramming.org/Magic_Bitboards. In particular, here we use
+// the so called "fancy" approach.
+void init_magics(PieceType pt, Bitboard table[], Magic magics[][2]) {

+#ifndef USE_PEXT
    // Optimal PRNG seeds to pick the correct magics in the shortest time
    int seeds[][RANK_NB] = {{8977, 44560, 54343, 38998, 5731, 95205, 104912, 17020},
                            {728, 10316, 55013, 32803, 12281, 15100, 16645, 255}};

-    Bitboard occupancy[4096], reference[4096], edges, b;
-    int      epoch[4096] = {}, cnt = 0, size = 0;
+    Bitboard occupancy[4096];
+    int      epoch[4096] = {}, cnt = 0;
+#endif
+    Bitboard reference[4096];
+    int      size = 0;

    for (Square s = SQ_A1; s <= SQ_H8; ++s)
    {
        // Board edges are not considered in the relevant occupancies
-        edges = ((Rank1BB | Rank8BB) & ~rank_bb(s)) | ((FileABB | FileHBB) & ~file_bb(s));
+        Bitboard edges = ((Rank1BB | Rank8BB) & ~rank_bb(s)) | ((FileABB | FileHBB) & ~file_bb(s));

        // Given a square 's', the mask is the bitboard of sliding attacks from
        // 's' computed on an empty board. The index must be big enough to contain
        // all the attacks for each possible subset of the mask and so is 2 power
        // the number of 1s of the mask. Hence we deduce the size of the shift to
        // apply to the 64 or 32 bits word to get the index.
-        Magic& m = magics[s];
+        Magic& m = magics[s][pt - BISHOP];
        m.mask   = sliding_attack(pt, s, 0) & ~edges;
-        m.shift  = (Is64Bit ? 64 : 32) - popcount(m.mask);
-
+#ifndef USE_PEXT
+        m.shift = (Is64Bit ? 64 : 32) - popcount(m.mask);
+#endif
        // Set the offset for the attacks table of the square. We have individual
        // table sizes for each square with "Fancy Magic Bitboards".
-        m.attacks = s == SQ_A1 ? table : magics[s - 1].attacks + size;
+        m.attacks = s == SQ_A1 ? table : magics[s - 1][pt - BISHOP].attacks + size;
+        size      = 0;

        // Use Carry-Rippler trick to enumerate all subsets of masks[s] and
        // store the corresponding sliding attack bitboard in reference[].
-        b = size = 0;
+        Bitboard b = 0;
        do
        {
+#ifndef USE_PEXT
            occupancy[size] = b;
+#endif
            reference[size] = sliding_attack(pt, s, b);

            if (HasPext)
@@ -178,9 +191,7 @@ void init_magics(PieceType pt, Bitboard table[], Magic magics[]) {
            b = (b - m.mask) & m.mask;
        } while (b);

-        if (HasPext)
-            continue;
-
+#ifndef USE_PEXT
        PRNG rng(seeds[Is64Bit][rank_of(s)]);

        // Find a magic for square 's' picking up an (almost) random number
@@ -209,6 +220,7 @@ void init_magics(PieceType pt, Bitboard table[], Magic magics[]) {
                    break;
            }
        }
+#endif
    }
 }
 }
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <string>
@@ -67,27 +68,31 @@ extern Bitboard PawnAttacks[COLOR_NB][SQUARE_NB];
 // Magic holds all magic bitboards relevant data for a single square
 struct Magic {
    Bitboard  mask;
-    Bitboard  magic;
    Bitboard* attacks;
-    unsigned  shift;
+#ifndef USE_PEXT
+    Bitboard magic;
+    unsigned shift;
+#endif

    // Compute the attack's index using the 'magic bitboards' approach
    unsigned index(Bitboard occupied) const {

-        if (HasPext)
-            return unsigned(pext(occupied, mask));
-
+#ifdef USE_PEXT
+        return unsigned(pext(occupied, mask));
+#else
        if (Is64Bit)
            return unsigned(((occupied & mask) * magic) >> shift);

        unsigned lo = unsigned(occupied) & unsigned(mask);
        unsigned hi = unsigned(occupied >> 32) & unsigned(mask >> 32);
        return (lo * unsigned(magic) ^ hi * unsigned(magic >> 32)) >> shift;
+#endif
    }
+
+    Bitboard attacks_bb(Bitboard occupied) const { return attacks[index(occupied)]; }
 };

-extern Magic RookMagics[SQUARE_NB];
-extern Magic BishopMagics[SQUARE_NB];
+extern Magic Magics[SQUARE_NB][2];

 constexpr Bitboard square_bb(Square s) {
    assert(is_ok(s));
@@ -229,9 +234,8 @@ inline Bitboard attacks_bb(Square s, Bitboard occupied) {
    switch (Pt)
    {
    case BISHOP :
-        return BishopMagics[s].attacks[BishopMagics[s].index(occupied)];
    case ROOK :
-        return RookMagics[s].attacks[RookMagics[s].index(occupied)];
+        return Magics[s][Pt - BISHOP].attacks_bb(occupied);
    case QUEEN :
        return attacks_bb<BISHOP>(s, occupied) | attacks_bb<ROOK>(s, occupied);
    default :
@@ -265,11 +269,10 @@ inline int popcount(Bitboard b) {

 #ifndef USE_POPCNT

-    union {
-        Bitboard bb;
-        uint16_t u[4];
-    } v = {b};
-    return PopCnt16[v.u[0]] + PopCnt16[v.u[1]] + PopCnt16[v.u[2]] + PopCnt16[v.u[3]];
+    std::uint16_t indices[4];
+    std::memcpy(indices, &b, sizeof(b));
+    return PopCnt16[indices[0]] + PopCnt16[indices[1]] + PopCnt16[indices[2]]
+         + PopCnt16[indices[3]];

 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)

@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+/*
+  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+
+  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+  GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+#include "engine.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <memory>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "evaluate.h"
+#include "misc.h"
+#include "nnue/network.h"
+#include "nnue/nnue_common.h"
+#include "perft.h"
+#include "position.h"
+#include "search.h"
+#include "syzygy/tbprobe.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "uci.h"
+#include "ucioption.h"
+
+namespace Stockfish {
+
+namespace NN = Eval::NNUE;
+
+constexpr auto StartFEN  = "rnbqkbnr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 0 1";
+constexpr int  MaxHashMB = Is64Bit ? 33554432 : 2048;
+
+Engine::Engine(std::optional<std::string> path) :
+    binaryDirectory(path ? CommandLine::get_binary_directory(*path) : ""),
+    numaContext(NumaConfig::from_system()),
+    states(new std::deque<StateInfo>(1)),
+    threads(),
+    networks(
+      numaContext,
+      NN::Networks(
+        NN::NetworkBig({EvalFileDefaultNameBig, "None", ""}, NN::EmbeddedNNUEType::BIG),
+        NN::NetworkSmall({EvalFileDefaultNameSmall, "None", ""}, NN::EmbeddedNNUEType::SMALL))) {
+    pos.set(StartFEN, false, &states->back());
+
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "Debug Log File", Option("", [](const Option& o) {
+          start_logger(o);
+          return std::nullopt;
+      }));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "NumaPolicy", Option("auto", [this](const Option& o) {
+          set_numa_config_from_option(o);
+          return numa_config_information_as_string() + "\n"
+               + thread_allocation_information_as_string();
+      }));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "Threads", Option(1, 1, 1024, [this](const Option&) {
+          resize_threads();
+          return thread_allocation_information_as_string();
+      }));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "Hash", Option(16, 1, MaxHashMB, [this](const Option& o) {
+          set_tt_size(o);
+          return std::nullopt;
+      }));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "Clear Hash", Option([this](const Option&) {
+          search_clear();
+          return std::nullopt;
+      }));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "Ponder", Option(false));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "MultiPV", Option(1, 1, MAX_MOVES));
+
+    options.add("Skill Level", Option(20, 0, 20));
+
+    options.add("Move Overhead", Option(10, 0, 5000));
+
+    options.add("nodestime", Option(0, 0, 10000));
+
+    options.add("UCI_Chess960", Option(false));
+
+    options.add("UCI_LimitStrength", Option(false));
+
+    options.add("UCI_Elo",
+                Option(Stockfish::Search::Skill::LowestElo, Stockfish::Search::Skill::LowestElo,
+                       Stockfish::Search::Skill::HighestElo));
+
+    options.add("UCI_ShowWDL", Option(false));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "SyzygyPath", Option("", [](const Option& o) {
+          Tablebases::init(o);
+          return std::nullopt;
+      }));
+
+    options.add("SyzygyProbeDepth", Option(1, 1, 100));
+
+    options.add("Syzygy50MoveRule", Option(true));
+
+    options.add("SyzygyProbeLimit", Option(7, 0, 7));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "EvalFile", Option(EvalFileDefaultNameBig, [this](const Option& o) {
+          load_big_network(o);
+          return std::nullopt;
+      }));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "EvalFileSmall", Option(EvalFileDefaultNameSmall, [this](const Option& o) {
+          load_small_network(o);
+          return std::nullopt;
+      }));
+
+    load_networks();
+    resize_threads();
+}
+
+std::uint64_t Engine::perft(const std::string& fen, Depth depth, bool isChess960) {
+    verify_networks();
+
+    return Benchmark::perft(fen, depth, isChess960);
+}
+
+void Engine::go(Search::LimitsType& limits) {
+    assert(limits.perft == 0);
+    verify_networks();
+
+    threads.start_thinking(options, pos, states, limits);
+}
+void Engine::stop() { threads.stop = true; }
+
+void Engine::search_clear() {
+    wait_for_search_finished();
+
+    tt.clear(threads);
+    threads.clear();
+
+    // @TODO wont work with multiple instances
+    Tablebases::init(options["SyzygyPath"]);  // Free mapped files
+}
+
+void Engine::set_on_update_no_moves(std::function<void(const Engine::InfoShort&)>&& f) {
+    updateContext.onUpdateNoMoves = std::move(f);
+}
+
+void Engine::set_on_update_full(std::function<void(const Engine::InfoFull&)>&& f) {
+    updateContext.onUpdateFull = std::move(f);
+}
+
+void Engine::set_on_iter(std::function<void(const Engine::InfoIter&)>&& f) {
+    updateContext.onIter = std::move(f);
+}
+
+void Engine::set_on_bestmove(std::function<void(std::string_view, std::string_view)>&& f) {
+    updateContext.onBestmove = std::move(f);
+}
+
+void Engine::set_on_verify_networks(std::function<void(std::string_view)>&& f) {
+    onVerifyNetworks = std::move(f);
+}
+
+void Engine::wait_for_search_finished() { threads.main_thread()->wait_for_search_finished(); }
+
+void Engine::set_position(const std::string& fen, const std::vector<std::string>& moves) {
+    // Drop the old state and create a new one
+    states = StateListPtr(new std::deque<StateInfo>(1));
+    pos.set(fen, options["UCI_Chess960"], &states->back());
+
+    for (const auto& move : moves)
+    {
+        auto m = UCIEngine::to_move(pos, move);
+
+        if (m == Move::none())
+            break;
+
+        states->emplace_back();
+        pos.do_move(m, states->back());
+    }
+}
+
+// modifiers
+
+void Engine::set_numa_config_from_option(const std::string& o) {
+    if (o == "auto" || o == "system")
+    {
+        numaContext.set_numa_config(NumaConfig::from_system());
+    }
+    else if (o == "hardware")
+    {
+        // Don't respect affinity set in the system.
+        numaContext.set_numa_config(NumaConfig::from_system(false));
+    }
+    else if (o == "none")
+    {
+        numaContext.set_numa_config(NumaConfig{});
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        numaContext.set_numa_config(NumaConfig::from_string(o));
+    }
+
+    // Force reallocation of threads in case affinities need to change.
+    resize_threads();
+    threads.ensure_network_replicated();
+}
+
+void Engine::resize_threads() {
+    threads.wait_for_search_finished();
+    threads.set(numaContext.get_numa_config(), {options, threads, tt, networks}, updateContext);
+
+    // Reallocate the hash with the new threadpool size
+    set_tt_size(options["Hash"]);
+    threads.ensure_network_replicated();
+}
+
+void Engine::set_tt_size(size_t mb) {
+    wait_for_search_finished();
+    tt.resize(mb, threads);
+}
+
+void Engine::set_ponderhit(bool b) { threads.main_manager()->ponder = b; }
+
+// network related
+
+void Engine::verify_networks() const {
+    networks->big.verify(options["EvalFile"], onVerifyNetworks);
+    networks->small.verify(options["EvalFileSmall"], onVerifyNetworks);
+}
+
+void Engine::load_networks() {
+    networks.modify_and_replicate([this](NN::Networks& networks_) {
+        networks_.big.load(binaryDirectory, options["EvalFile"]);
+        networks_.small.load(binaryDirectory, options["EvalFileSmall"]);
+    });
+    threads.clear();
+    threads.ensure_network_replicated();
+}
+
+void Engine::load_big_network(const std::string& file) {
+    networks.modify_and_replicate(
+      [this, &file](NN::Networks& networks_) { networks_.big.load(binaryDirectory, file); });
+    threads.clear();
+    threads.ensure_network_replicated();
+}
+
+void Engine::load_small_network(const std::string& file) {
+    networks.modify_and_replicate(
+      [this, &file](NN::Networks& networks_) { networks_.small.load(binaryDirectory, file); });
+    threads.clear();
+    threads.ensure_network_replicated();
+}
+
+void Engine::save_network(const std::pair<std::optional<std::string>, std::string> files[2]) {
+    networks.modify_and_replicate([&files](NN::Networks& networks_) {
+        networks_.big.save(files[0].first);
+        networks_.small.save(files[1].first);
+    });
+}
+
+// utility functions
+
+void Engine::trace_eval() const {
+    StateListPtr trace_states(new std::deque<StateInfo>(1));
+    Position     p;
+    p.set(pos.fen(), options["UCI_Chess960"], &trace_states->back());
+
+    verify_networks();
+
+    sync_cout << "\n" << Eval::trace(p, *networks) << sync_endl;
+}
+
+const OptionsMap& Engine::get_options() const { return options; }
+OptionsMap&       Engine::get_options() { return options; }
+
+std::string Engine::fen() const { return pos.fen(); }
+
+void Engine::flip() { pos.flip(); }
+
+std::string Engine::visualize() const {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    ss << pos;
+    return ss.str();
+}
+
+int Engine::get_hashfull(int maxAge) const { return tt.hashfull(maxAge); }
+
+std::vector<std::pair<size_t, size_t>> Engine::get_bound_thread_count_by_numa_node() const {
+    auto                                   counts = threads.get_bound_thread_count_by_numa_node();
+    const NumaConfig&                      cfg    = numaContext.get_numa_config();
+    std::vector<std::pair<size_t, size_t>> ratios;
+    NumaIndex                              n = 0;
+    for (; n < counts.size(); ++n)
+        ratios.emplace_back(counts[n], cfg.num_cpus_in_numa_node(n));
+    if (!counts.empty())
+        for (; n < cfg.num_numa_nodes(); ++n)
+            ratios.emplace_back(0, cfg.num_cpus_in_numa_node(n));
+    return ratios;
+}
+
+std::string Engine::get_numa_config_as_string() const {
+    return numaContext.get_numa_config().to_string();
+}
+
+std::string Engine::numa_config_information_as_string() const {
+    auto cfgStr = get_numa_config_as_string();
+    return "Available processors: " + cfgStr;
+}
+
+std::string Engine::thread_binding_information_as_string() const {
+    auto              boundThreadsByNode = get_bound_thread_count_by_numa_node();
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    if (boundThreadsByNode.empty())
+        return ss.str();
+
+    bool isFirst = true;
+
+    for (auto&& [current, total] : boundThreadsByNode)
+    {
+        if (!isFirst)
+            ss << ":";
+        ss << current << "/" << total;
+        isFirst = false;
+    }
+
+    return ss.str();
+}
+
+std::string Engine::thread_allocation_information_as_string() const {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+
+    size_t threadsSize = threads.size();
+    ss << "Using " << threadsSize << (threadsSize > 1 ? " threads" : " thread");
+
+    auto boundThreadsByNodeStr = thread_binding_information_as_string();
+    if (boundThreadsByNodeStr.empty())
+        return ss.str();
+
+    ss << " with NUMA node thread binding: ";
+    ss << boundThreadsByNodeStr;
+
+    return ss.str();
+}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+/*
+  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+
+  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+  GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+#ifndef ENGINE_H_INCLUDED
+#define ENGINE_H_INCLUDED
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "nnue/network.h"
+#include "numa.h"
+#include "position.h"
+#include "search.h"
+#include "syzygy/tbprobe.h"  // for Stockfish::Depth
+#include "thread.h"
+#include "tt.h"
+#include "ucioption.h"
+
+namespace Stockfish {
+
+class Engine {
+   public:
+    using InfoShort = Search::InfoShort;
+    using InfoFull  = Search::InfoFull;
+    using InfoIter  = Search::InfoIteration;
+
+    Engine(std::optional<std::string> path = std::nullopt);
+
+    // Cannot be movable due to components holding backreferences to fields
+    Engine(const Engine&)            = delete;
+    Engine(Engine&&)                 = delete;
+    Engine& operator=(const Engine&) = delete;
+    Engine& operator=(Engine&&)      = delete;
+
+    ~Engine() { wait_for_search_finished(); }
+
+    std::uint64_t perft(const std::string& fen, Depth depth, bool isChess960);
+
+    // non blocking call to start searching
+    void go(Search::LimitsType&);
+    // non blocking call to stop searching
+    void stop();
+
+    // blocking call to wait for search to finish
+    void wait_for_search_finished();
+    // set a new position, moves are in UCI format
+    void set_position(const std::string& fen, const std::vector<std::string>& moves);
+
+    // modifiers
+
+    void set_numa_config_from_option(const std::string& o);
+    void resize_threads();
+    void set_tt_size(size_t mb);
+    void set_ponderhit(bool);
+    void search_clear();
+
+    void set_on_update_no_moves(std::function<void(const InfoShort&)>&&);
+    void set_on_update_full(std::function<void(const InfoFull&)>&&);
+    void set_on_iter(std::function<void(const InfoIter&)>&&);
+    void set_on_bestmove(std::function<void(std::string_view, std::string_view)>&&);
+    void set_on_verify_networks(std::function<void(std::string_view)>&&);
+
+    // network related
+
+    void verify_networks() const;
+    void load_networks();
+    void load_big_network(const std::string& file);
+    void load_small_network(const std::string& file);
+    void save_network(const std::pair<std::optional<std::string>, std::string> files[2]);
+
+    // utility functions
+
+    void trace_eval() const;
+
+    const OptionsMap& get_options() const;
+    OptionsMap&       get_options();
+
+    int get_hashfull(int maxAge = 0) const;
+
+    std::string                            fen() const;
+    void                                   flip();
+    std::string                            visualize() const;
+    std::vector<std::pair<size_t, size_t>> get_bound_thread_count_by_numa_node() const;
+    std::string                            get_numa_config_as_string() const;
+    std::string                            numa_config_information_as_string() const;
+    std::string                            thread_allocation_information_as_string() const;
+    std::string                            thread_binding_information_as_string() const;
+
+   private:
+    const std::string binaryDirectory;
+
+    NumaReplicationContext numaContext;
+
+    Position     pos;
+    StateListPtr states;
+
+    OptionsMap                               options;
+    ThreadPool                               threads;
+    TranspositionTable                       tt;
+    LazyNumaReplicated<Eval::NNUE::Networks> networks;
+
+    Search::SearchManager::UpdateContext  updateContext;
+    std::function<void(std::string_view)> onVerifyNetworks;
+};
+
+}  // namespace Stockfish
+
+
+#endif  // #ifndef ENGINE_H_INCLUDED
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -24,13 +24,16 @@
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <tuple>

 #include "nnue/network.h"
 #include "nnue/nnue_misc.h"
 #include "position.h"
 #include "types.h"
 #include "uci.h"
+#include "nnue/nnue_accumulator.h"

 namespace Stockfish {

@@ -42,45 +45,44 @@ int Eval::simple_eval(const Position& pos, Color c) {
         + (pos.non_pawn_material(c) - pos.non_pawn_material(~c));
 }

+bool Eval::use_smallnet(const Position& pos) {
+    int simpleEval = simple_eval(pos, pos.side_to_move());
+    return std::abs(simpleEval) > 962;
+}

 // Evaluate is the evaluator for the outer world. It returns a static evaluation
 // of the position from the point of view of the side to move.
-Value Eval::evaluate(const Eval::NNUE::Networks& networks, const Position& pos, int optimism) {
+Value Eval::evaluate(const Eval::NNUE::Networks&    networks,
+                     const Position&                pos,
+                     Eval::NNUE::AccumulatorCaches& caches,
+                     int                            optimism) {

    assert(!pos.checkers());

-    int  simpleEval = simple_eval(pos, pos.side_to_move());
-    bool smallNet   = std::abs(simpleEval) > SmallNetThreshold;
-    bool psqtOnly   = std::abs(simpleEval) > PsqtOnlyThreshold;
-    int  nnueComplexity;
-    int  v;
+    bool smallNet           = use_smallnet(pos);
+    auto [psqt, positional] = smallNet ? networks.small.evaluate(pos, &caches.small)
+                                       : networks.big.evaluate(pos, &caches.big);

-    Value nnue = smallNet ? networks.small.evaluate(pos, true, &nnueComplexity, psqtOnly)
-                          : networks.big.evaluate(pos, true, &nnueComplexity, false);
+    Value nnue = (125 * psqt + 131 * positional) / 128;

-    const auto adjustEval = [&](int optDiv, int nnueDiv, int pawnCountConstant, int pawnCountMul,
-                                int npmConstant, int evalDiv, int shufflingConstant,
-                                int shufflingDiv) {
-        // Blend optimism and eval with nnue complexity and material imbalance
-        optimism += optimism * (nnueComplexity + std::abs(simpleEval - nnue)) / optDiv;
-        nnue -= nnue * (nnueComplexity * 5 / 3) / nnueDiv;
+    // Re-evaluate the position when higher eval accuracy is worth the time spent
+    if (smallNet && (std::abs(nnue) < 236))
+    {
+        std::tie(psqt, positional) = networks.big.evaluate(pos, &caches.big);
+        nnue                       = (125 * psqt + 131 * positional) / 128;
+        smallNet                   = false;
+    }

-        int npm = pos.non_pawn_material() / 64;
-        v       = (nnue * (npm + pawnCountConstant + pawnCountMul * pos.count<PAWN>())
-             + optimism * (npmConstant + npm))
-          / evalDiv;
+    // Blend optimism and eval with nnue complexity
+    int nnueComplexity = std::abs(psqt - positional);
+    optimism += optimism * nnueComplexity / 468;
+    nnue -= nnue * nnueComplexity / (smallNet ? 20233 : 17879);

-        // Damp down the evaluation linearly when shuffling
-        int shuffling = pos.rule50_count();
-        v             = v * (shufflingConstant - shuffling) / shufflingDiv;
-    };
+    int material = 535 * pos.count<PAWN>() + pos.non_pawn_material();
+    int v        = (nnue * (77777 + material) + optimism * (7777 + material)) / 77777;

-    if (!smallNet)
-        adjustEval(513, 32395, 919, 11, 145, 1036, 178, 204);
-    else if (psqtOnly)
-        adjustEval(517, 32857, 908, 7, 155, 1019, 224, 238);
-    else
-        adjustEval(499, 32793, 903, 9, 147, 1067, 208, 211);
+    // Damp down the evaluation linearly when shuffling
+    v -= v * pos.rule50_count() / 212;

    // Guarantee evaluation does not hit the tablebase range
    v = std::clamp(v, VALUE_TB_LOSS_IN_MAX_PLY + 1, VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY - 1);
@@ -97,19 +99,22 @@ std::string Eval::trace(Position& pos, const Eval::NNUE::Networks& networks) {
    if (pos.checkers())
        return "Final evaluation: none (in check)";

+    auto caches = std::make_unique<Eval::NNUE::AccumulatorCaches>(networks);
+
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << std::showpoint << std::noshowpos << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2);
-    ss << '\n' << NNUE::trace(pos, networks) << '\n';
+    ss << '\n' << NNUE::trace(pos, networks, *caches) << '\n';

    ss << std::showpoint << std::showpos << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << std::setw(15);

-    Value v = networks.big.evaluate(pos, false);
-    v       = pos.side_to_move() == WHITE ? v : -v;
-    ss << "NNUE evaluation        " << 0.01 * UCI::to_cp(v, pos) << " (white side)\n";
+    auto [psqt, positional] = networks.big.evaluate(pos, &caches->big);
+    Value v                 = psqt + positional;
+    v                       = pos.side_to_move() == WHITE ? v : -v;
+    ss << "NNUE evaluation        " << 0.01 * UCIEngine::to_cp(v, pos) << " (white side)\n";

-    v = evaluate(networks, pos, VALUE_ZERO);
+    v = evaluate(networks, pos, *caches, VALUE_ZERO);
    v = pos.side_to_move() == WHITE ? v : -v;
-    ss << "Final evaluation       " << 0.01 * UCI::to_cp(v, pos) << " (white side)";
+    ss << "Final evaluation       " << 0.01 * UCIEngine::to_cp(v, pos) << " (white side)";
    ss << " [with scaled NNUE, ...]";
    ss << "\n";

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -29,25 +29,26 @@ class Position;

 namespace Eval {

-constexpr inline int SmallNetThreshold = 1165, PsqtOnlyThreshold = 2500;
-
 // The default net name MUST follow the format nn-[SHA256 first 12 digits].nnue
 // for the build process (profile-build and fishtest) to work. Do not change the
 // name of the macro or the location where this macro is defined, as it is used
 // in the Makefile/Fishtest.
-#define EvalFileDefaultNameBig "nn-ae6a388e4a1a.nnue"
-#define EvalFileDefaultNameSmall "nn-baff1ede1f90.nnue"
+#define EvalFileDefaultNameBig "nn-1c0000000000.nnue"
+#define EvalFileDefaultNameSmall "nn-37f18f62d772.nnue"

 namespace NNUE {
 struct Networks;
+struct AccumulatorCaches;
 }

 std::string trace(Position& pos, const Eval::NNUE::Networks& networks);

 int   simple_eval(const Position& pos, Color c);
-Value evaluate(const NNUE::Networks& networks, const Position& pos, int optimism);
-
-
+bool  use_smallnet(const Position& pos);
+Value evaluate(const NNUE::Networks&          networks,
+               const Position&                pos,
+               Eval::NNUE::AccumulatorCaches& caches,
+               int                            optimism);
 }  // namespace Eval

 }  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+/*
+  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+
+  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+  GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+#ifndef HISTORY_H_INCLUDED
+#define HISTORY_H_INCLUDED
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <limits>
+#include <type_traits>  // IWYU pragma: keep
+
+#include "misc.h"
+#include "position.h"
+
+namespace Stockfish {
+
+constexpr int PAWN_HISTORY_SIZE        = 512;    // has to be a power of 2
+constexpr int CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE  = 32768;  // has to be a power of 2
+constexpr int CORRECTION_HISTORY_LIMIT = 1024;
+constexpr int LOW_PLY_HISTORY_SIZE     = 4;
+
+static_assert((PAWN_HISTORY_SIZE & (PAWN_HISTORY_SIZE - 1)) == 0,
+              "PAWN_HISTORY_SIZE has to be a power of 2");
+
+static_assert((CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE & (CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE - 1)) == 0,
+              "CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE has to be a power of 2");
+
+enum PawnHistoryType {
+    Normal,
+    Correction
+};
+
+template<PawnHistoryType T = Normal>
+inline int pawn_structure_index(const Position& pos) {
+    return pos.pawn_key() & ((T == Normal ? PAWN_HISTORY_SIZE : CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE) - 1);
+}
+
+inline int minor_piece_index(const Position& pos) {
+    return pos.minor_piece_key() & (CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE - 1);
+}
+
+template<Color c>
+inline int non_pawn_index(const Position& pos) {
+    return pos.non_pawn_key(c) & (CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE - 1);
+}
+
+// StatsEntry is the container of various numerical statistics. We use a class
+// instead of a naked value to directly call history update operator<<() on
+// the entry. The first template parameter T is the base type of the array,
+// and the second template parameter D limits the range of updates in [-D, D]
+// when we update values with the << operator
+template<typename T, int D>
+class StatsEntry {
+
+    static_assert(std::is_arithmetic<T>::value, "Not an arithmetic type");
+    static_assert(D <= std::numeric_limits<T>::max(), "D overflows T");
+
+    T entry;
+
+   public:
+    StatsEntry& operator=(const T& v) {
+        entry = v;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    operator const T&() const { return entry; }
+
+    void operator<<(int bonus) {
+        // Make sure that bonus is in range [-D, D]
+        int clampedBonus = std::clamp(bonus, -D, D);
+        entry += clampedBonus - entry * std::abs(clampedBonus) / D;
+
+        assert(std::abs(entry) <= D);
+    }
+};
+
+enum StatsType {
+    NoCaptures,
+    Captures
+};
+
+template<typename T, int D, std::size_t... Sizes>
+using Stats = MultiArray<StatsEntry<T, D>, Sizes...>;
+
+// ButterflyHistory records how often quiet moves have been successful or unsuccessful
+// during the current search, and is used for reduction and move ordering decisions.
+// It uses 2 tables (one for each color) indexed by the move's from and to squares,
+// see https://www.chessprogramming.org/Butterfly_Boards (~11 elo)
+using ButterflyHistory = Stats<std::int16_t, 7183, COLOR_NB, int(SQUARE_NB) * int(SQUARE_NB)>;
+
+// LowPlyHistory is adressed by play and move's from and to squares, used
+// to improve move ordering near the root
+using LowPlyHistory =
+  Stats<std::int16_t, 7183, LOW_PLY_HISTORY_SIZE, int(SQUARE_NB) * int(SQUARE_NB)>;
+
+// CapturePieceToHistory is addressed by a move's [piece][to][captured piece type]
+using CapturePieceToHistory = Stats<std::int16_t, 10692, PIECE_NB, SQUARE_NB, PIECE_TYPE_NB>;
+
+// PieceToHistory is like ButterflyHistory but is addressed by a move's [piece][to]
+using PieceToHistory = Stats<std::int16_t, 30000, PIECE_NB, SQUARE_NB>;
+
+// ContinuationHistory is the combined history of a given pair of moves, usually
+// the current one given a previous one. The nested history table is based on
+// PieceToHistory instead of ButterflyBoards.
+// (~63 elo)
+using ContinuationHistory = MultiArray<PieceToHistory, PIECE_NB, SQUARE_NB>;
+
+// PawnHistory is addressed by the pawn structure and a move's [piece][to]
+using PawnHistory = Stats<std::int16_t, 8192, PAWN_HISTORY_SIZE, PIECE_NB, SQUARE_NB>;
+
+// Correction histories record differences between the static evaluation of
+// positions and their search score. It is used to improve the static evaluation
+// used by some search heuristics.
+// see https://www.chessprogramming.org/Static_Evaluation_Correction_History
+enum CorrHistType {
+    Pawn,          // By color and pawn structure
+    Minor,         // By color and positions of minor pieces (Knight, Bishop)
+    NonPawn,       // By non-pawn material positions and color
+    PieceTo,       // By [piece][to] move
+    Continuation,  // Combined history of move pairs
+};
+
+namespace Detail {
+
+template<CorrHistType>
+struct CorrHistTypedef {
+    using type = Stats<std::int16_t, CORRECTION_HISTORY_LIMIT, CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE, COLOR_NB>;
+};
+
+template<>
+struct CorrHistTypedef<PieceTo> {
+    using type = Stats<std::int16_t, CORRECTION_HISTORY_LIMIT, PIECE_NB, SQUARE_NB>;
+};
+
+template<>
+struct CorrHistTypedef<Continuation> {
+    using type = MultiArray<CorrHistTypedef<PieceTo>::type, PIECE_NB, SQUARE_NB>;
+};
+
+}
+
+template<CorrHistType T>
+using CorrectionHistory = typename Detail::CorrHistTypedef<T>::type;
+
+}  // namespace Stockfish
+
+#endif  // #ifndef HISTORY_H_INCLUDED
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 * @author Dale Weiler
 * @brief Utility for including binary files
 *
- * Facilities for including binary files into the current translation unit
- * and making use of them externally in other translation units.
+ * Facilities for including binary files into the current translation unit and
+ * making use from them externally in other translation units.
 */
 #ifndef INCBIN_HDR
 #define INCBIN_HDR
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@
      defined(__SSSE3__)    || \
      defined(__SSE4_1__)   || \
      defined(__SSE4_2__)   || \
-      defined(__neon__)
+      defined(__neon__)     || \
+      defined(__ARM_NEON)   || \
+      defined(__ALTIVEC__)
 # define INCBIN_ALIGNMENT_INDEX 4
 #elif ULONG_MAX != 0xffffffffu
 # define INCBIN_ALIGNMENT_INDEX 3
@@ -64,6 +66,9 @@
    X
 #define INCBIN_INVOKE(N, ...) \
    INCBIN_EVAL(N(__VA_ARGS__))
+/* Variable argument count for overloading by arity */
+#define INCBIN_VA_ARG_COUNTER(_1, _2, _3, N, ...) N
+#define INCBIN_VA_ARGC(...) INCBIN_VA_ARG_COUNTER(__VA_ARGS__, 3, 2, 1, 0)

 /* Green Hills uses a different directive for including binary data */
 #if defined(__ghs__)
@@ -117,29 +122,50 @@
 #endif

 /**
- * @brief Optionally override the linker section into which data is emitted.
- *
- * @warning If you use this facility, you'll have to deal with platform-specific linker output
- * section naming on your own
- *
- * Overriding the default linker output section, e.g for esp8266/Arduino:
- * @code
- * #define INCBIN_OUTPUT_SECTION ".irom.text"
- * #include "incbin.h"
- * INCBIN(Foo, "foo.txt");
- * // Data is emitted into program memory that never gets copied to RAM
- * @endcode
+ * @brief Optionally override the linker section into which size and data is
+ * emitted.
+ * 
+ * @warning If you use this facility, you might have to deal with
+ * platform-specific linker output section naming on your own.
 */
 #if !defined(INCBIN_OUTPUT_SECTION)
 #  if defined(__APPLE__)
-#    define INCBIN_OUTPUT_SECTION         ".const_data"
+#    define INCBIN_OUTPUT_SECTION ".const_data"
 #  else
-#    define INCBIN_OUTPUT_SECTION         ".rodata"
+#    define INCBIN_OUTPUT_SECTION ".rodata"
 #  endif
 #endif

+/**
+ * @brief Optionally override the linker section into which data is emitted.
+ *
+ * @warning If you use this facility, you might have to deal with
+ * platform-specific linker output section naming on your own.
+ */
+#if !defined(INCBIN_OUTPUT_DATA_SECTION)
+#  define INCBIN_OUTPUT_DATA_SECTION INCBIN_OUTPUT_SECTION
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @brief Optionally override the linker section into which size is emitted.
+ *
+ * @warning If you use this facility, you might have to deal with
+ * platform-specific linker output section naming on your own.
+ * 
+ * @note This is useful for Harvard architectures where program memory cannot
+ * be directly read from the program without special instructions. With this you
+ * can chose to put the size variable in RAM rather than ROM.
+ */
+#if !defined(INCBIN_OUTPUT_SIZE_SECTION)
+#  define INCBIN_OUTPUT_SIZE_SECTION INCBIN_OUTPUT_SECTION
+#endif
+
 #if defined(__APPLE__)
-/* The directives are different for Apple-branded compilers */
+#  include "TargetConditionals.h"
+#  if defined(TARGET_OS_IPHONE) && !defined(INCBIN_SILENCE_BITCODE_WARNING)
+#    warning "incbin is incompatible with bitcode. Using the library will break upload to App Store if you have bitcode enabled. Add `#define INCBIN_SILENCE_BITCODE_WARNING` before including this header to silence this warning."
+#  endif
+/* The directives are different for Apple branded compilers */
 #  define INCBIN_SECTION         INCBIN_OUTPUT_SECTION "\n"
 #  define INCBIN_GLOBAL(NAME)    ".globl " INCBIN_MANGLE INCBIN_STRINGIZE(INCBIN_PREFIX) #NAME "\n"
 #  define INCBIN_INT             ".long "
@@ -179,27 +205,17 @@
 /**
 * @brief Specify the prefix to use for symbol names.
 *
- * By default this is `g', producing symbols of the form:
- * @code
- * #include "incbin.h"
- * INCBIN(Foo, "foo.txt");
+ * @note By default this is "g".
 *
- * // Now you have the following symbols:
- * // const unsigned char gFooData[];
- * // const unsigned char *const gFooEnd;
- * // const unsigned int gFooSize;
- * @endcode
- *
- * If however you specify a prefix before including: e.g:
 * @code
 * #define INCBIN_PREFIX incbin
 * #include "incbin.h"
 * INCBIN(Foo, "foo.txt");
 *
 * // Now you have the following symbols instead:
- * // const unsigned char incbinFooData[];
- * // const unsigned char *const incbinFooEnd;
- * // const unsigned int incbinFooSize;
+ * // const unsigned char incbinFoo<data>[];
+ * // const unsigned char *const incbinFoo<end>;
+ * // const unsigned int incbinFoo<size>;
 * @endcode
 */
 #if !defined(INCBIN_PREFIX)
@@ -213,18 +229,8 @@
 * - INCBIN_STYLE_CAMEL "CamelCase"
 * - INCBIN_STYLE_SNAKE "snake_case"
 *
- * Default option is *INCBIN_STYLE_CAMEL* producing symbols of the form:
- * @code
- * #include "incbin.h"
- * INCBIN(Foo, "foo.txt");
+ * @note By default this is INCBIN_STYLE_CAMEL
 *
- * // Now you have the following symbols:
- * // const unsigned char <prefix>FooData[];
- * // const unsigned char *const <prefix>FooEnd;
- * // const unsigned int <prefix>FooSize;
- * @endcode
- *
- * If however you specify a style before including: e.g:
 * @code
 * #define INCBIN_STYLE INCBIN_STYLE_SNAKE
 * #include "incbin.h"
@@ -261,8 +267,8 @@
    INCBIN_STRINGIZE( \
        INCBIN_STYLE_IDENT(TYPE)) \

-/* Generate the global labels by indirectly invoking the macro
- * with our style type and concatenate the name against them. */
+/* Generate the global labels by indirectly invoking the macro with our style
+ * type and concatenating the name against them. */
 #define INCBIN_GLOBAL_LABELS(NAME, TYPE) \
    INCBIN_INVOKE( \
        INCBIN_GLOBAL, \
@@ -288,23 +294,38 @@
 * The symbol names are a concatenation of `INCBIN_PREFIX' before *NAME*; with
 * "Data", as well as "End" and "Size" after. An example is provided below.
 *
+ * @param TYPE Optional array type. Omitting this picks a default of `unsigned char`.
 * @param NAME The name given for the binary data
 *
 * @code
 * INCBIN_EXTERN(Foo);
 *
 * // Now you have the following symbols:
- * // extern const unsigned char <prefix>FooData[];
- * // extern const unsigned char *const <prefix>FooEnd;
- * // extern const unsigned int <prefix>FooSize;
+ * // extern const unsigned char <prefix>Foo<data>[];
+ * // extern const unsigned char *const <prefix>Foo<end>;
+ * // extern const unsigned int <prefix>Foo<size>;
+ * @endcode
+ * 
+ * You may specify a custom optional data type as well as the first argument.
+ * @code
+ * INCBIN_EXTERN(custom_type, Foo);
+ * 
+ * // Now you have the following symbols:
+ * // extern const custom_type <prefix>Foo<data>[];
+ * // extern const custom_type *const <prefix>Foo<end>;
+ * // extern const unsigned int <prefix>Foo<size>;
 * @endcode
 */
-#define INCBIN_EXTERN(NAME) \
-    INCBIN_EXTERNAL const INCBIN_ALIGN unsigned char \
+#define INCBIN_EXTERN(...) \
+    INCBIN_CONCATENATE(INCBIN_EXTERN_, INCBIN_VA_ARGC(__VA_ARGS__))(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define INCBIN_EXTERN_1(NAME, ...) \
+    INCBIN_EXTERN_2(unsigned char, NAME)
+#define INCBIN_EXTERN_2(TYPE, NAME) \
+    INCBIN_EXTERNAL const INCBIN_ALIGN TYPE \
        INCBIN_CONCATENATE( \
            INCBIN_CONCATENATE(INCBIN_PREFIX, NAME), \
            INCBIN_STYLE_IDENT(DATA))[]; \
-    INCBIN_EXTERNAL const INCBIN_ALIGN unsigned char *const \
+    INCBIN_EXTERNAL const INCBIN_ALIGN TYPE *const \
    INCBIN_CONCATENATE( \
        INCBIN_CONCATENATE(INCBIN_PREFIX, NAME), \
        INCBIN_STYLE_IDENT(END)); \
@@ -313,6 +334,29 @@
            INCBIN_CONCATENATE(INCBIN_PREFIX, NAME), \
            INCBIN_STYLE_IDENT(SIZE))

+/**
+ * @brief Externally reference textual data included in another translation unit.
+ *
+ * Produces three external symbols that reference the textual data included in
+ * another translation unit.
+ *
+ * The symbol names are a concatenation of `INCBIN_PREFIX' before *NAME*; with
+ * "Data", as well as "End" and "Size" after. An example is provided below.
+ *
+ * @param NAME The name given for the textual data
+ *
+ * @code
+ * INCBIN_EXTERN(Foo);
+ *
+ * // Now you have the following symbols:
+ * // extern const char <prefix>Foo<data>[];
+ * // extern const char *const <prefix>Foo<end>;
+ * // extern const unsigned int <prefix>Foo<size>;
+ * @endcode
+ */
+#define INCTXT_EXTERN(NAME) \
+    INCBIN_EXTERN_2(char, NAME)
+
 /**
 * @brief Include a binary file into the current translation unit.
 *
@@ -322,6 +366,7 @@
 * The symbol names are a concatenation of `INCBIN_PREFIX' before *NAME*; with
 * "Data", as well as "End" and "Size" after. An example is provided below.
 *
+ * @param TYPE Optional array type. Omitting this picks a default of `unsigned char`.
 * @param NAME The name to associate with this binary data (as an identifier.)
 * @param FILENAME The file to include (as a string literal.)
 *
@@ -329,9 +374,20 @@
 * INCBIN(Icon, "icon.png");
 *
 * // Now you have the following symbols:
- * // const unsigned char <prefix>IconData[];
- * // const unsigned char *const <prefix>IconEnd;
- * // const unsigned int <prefix>IconSize;
+ * // const unsigned char <prefix>Icon<data>[];
+ * // const unsigned char *const <prefix>Icon<end>;
+ * // const unsigned int <prefix>Icon<size>;
+ * @endcode
+ * 
+ * You may specify a custom optional data type as well as the first argument.
+ * These macros are specialized by arity.
+ * @code
+ * INCBIN(custom_type, Icon, "icon.png");
+ *
+ * // Now you have the following symbols:
+ * // const custom_type <prefix>Icon<data>[];
+ * // const custom_type *const <prefix>Icon<end>;
+ * // const unsigned int <prefix>Icon<size>;
 * @endcode
 *
 * @warning This must be used in global scope
@@ -341,15 +397,28 @@
 * please @see INCBIN_EXTERN.
 */
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-#define INCBIN(NAME, FILENAME) \
-    INCBIN_EXTERN(NAME)
+#  define INCBIN(NAME, FILENAME) \
+      INCBIN_EXTERN(NAME)
 #else
-#define INCBIN(NAME, FILENAME) \
+#  define INCBIN(...) \
+     INCBIN_CONCATENATE(INCBIN_, INCBIN_VA_ARGC(__VA_ARGS__))(__VA_ARGS__)
+#  if defined(__GNUC__)
+#    define INCBIN_1(...) _Pragma("GCC error \"Single argument INCBIN not allowed\"")
+#  elif defined(__clang__)
+#    define INCBIN_1(...) _Pragma("clang error \"Single argument INCBIN not allowed\"")
+#  else
+#    define INCBIN_1(...) /* Cannot do anything here */
+#  endif
+#  define INCBIN_2(NAME, FILENAME) \
+      INCBIN_3(unsigned char, NAME, FILENAME)
+#  define INCBIN_3(TYPE, NAME, FILENAME) INCBIN_COMMON(TYPE, NAME, FILENAME, /* No terminator for binary data */)
+#  define INCBIN_COMMON(TYPE, NAME, FILENAME, TERMINATOR) \
    __asm__(INCBIN_SECTION \
            INCBIN_GLOBAL_LABELS(NAME, DATA) \
            INCBIN_ALIGN_HOST \
            INCBIN_MANGLE INCBIN_STRINGIZE(INCBIN_PREFIX) #NAME INCBIN_STYLE_STRING(DATA) ":\n" \
            INCBIN_MACRO " \"" FILENAME "\"\n" \
+                TERMINATOR \
            INCBIN_GLOBAL_LABELS(NAME, END) \
            INCBIN_ALIGN_BYTE \
            INCBIN_MANGLE INCBIN_STRINGIZE(INCBIN_PREFIX) #NAME INCBIN_STYLE_STRING(END) ":\n" \
@@ -362,7 +431,46 @@
            INCBIN_ALIGN_HOST \
            ".text\n" \
    ); \
-    INCBIN_EXTERN(NAME)
+    INCBIN_EXTERN(TYPE, NAME)
+#endif

+/**
+ * @brief Include a textual file into the current translation unit.
+ * 
+ * This behaves the same as INCBIN except it produces char compatible arrays
+ * and implicitly adds a null-terminator byte, thus the size of data included
+ * by this is one byte larger than that of INCBIN.
+ *
+ * Includes a textual file into the current translation unit, producing three
+ * symbols for objects that encode the data and size respectively.
+ *
+ * The symbol names are a concatenation of `INCBIN_PREFIX' before *NAME*; with
+ * "Data", as well as "End" and "Size" after. An example is provided below.
+ *
+ * @param NAME The name to associate with this binary data (as an identifier.)
+ * @param FILENAME The file to include (as a string literal.)
+ *
+ * @code
+ * INCTXT(Readme, "readme.txt");
+ *
+ * // Now you have the following symbols:
+ * // const char <prefix>Readme<data>[];
+ * // const char *const <prefix>Readme<end>;
+ * // const unsigned int <prefix>Readme<size>;
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * @warning This must be used in global scope
+ * @warning The identifiers may be different if INCBIN_STYLE is not default
+ *
+ * To externally reference the data included by this in another translation unit
+ * please @see INCBIN_EXTERN.
+ */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  define INCTXT(NAME, FILENAME) \
+     INCBIN_EXTERN(NAME)
+#else
+#  define INCTXT(NAME, FILENAME) \
+     INCBIN_COMMON(char, NAME, FILENAME, INCBIN_BYTE "0\n")
 #endif
-#endif
+
+#endif
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@
 #include "bitboard.h"
 #include "misc.h"
 #include "position.h"
-#include "tune.h"
 #include "types.h"
 #include "uci.h"
+#include "tune.h"

 using namespace Stockfish;

@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
    Bitboards::init();
    Position::init();

-    UCI uci(argc, argv);
+    UCIEngine uci(argc, argv);

-    Tune::init(uci.options);
+    Tune::init(uci.engine_options());

    uci.loop();

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+/*
+  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+
+  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+  GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+#include "memory.h"
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+#if __has_include("features.h")
+    #include <features.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
+    #include <sys/mman.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__ANDROID__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) \
+  || (defined(__GLIBCXX__) && !defined(_GLIBCXX_HAVE_ALIGNED_ALLOC) && !defined(_WIN32)) \
+  || defined(__e2k__)
+    #define POSIXALIGNEDALLOC
+    #include <stdlib.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    #if _WIN32_WINNT < 0x0601
+        #undef _WIN32_WINNT
+        #define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0601  // Force to include needed API prototypes
+    #endif
+
+    #ifndef NOMINMAX
+        #define NOMINMAX
+    #endif
+
+    #include <ios>       // std::hex, std::dec
+    #include <iostream>  // std::cerr
+    #include <ostream>   // std::endl
+    #include <windows.h>
+
+// The needed Windows API for processor groups could be missed from old Windows
+// versions, so instead of calling them directly (forcing the linker to resolve
+// the calls at compile time), try to load them at runtime. To do this we need
+// first to define the corresponding function pointers.
+
+extern "C" {
+using OpenProcessToken_t      = bool (*)(HANDLE, DWORD, PHANDLE);
+using LookupPrivilegeValueA_t = bool (*)(LPCSTR, LPCSTR, PLUID);
+using AdjustTokenPrivileges_t =
+  bool (*)(HANDLE, BOOL, PTOKEN_PRIVILEGES, DWORD, PTOKEN_PRIVILEGES, PDWORD);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+namespace Stockfish {
+
+// Wrappers for systems where the c++17 implementation does not guarantee the
+// availability of aligned_alloc(). Memory allocated with std_aligned_alloc()
+// must be freed with std_aligned_free().
+
+void* std_aligned_alloc(size_t alignment, size_t size) {
+#if defined(_ISOC11_SOURCE)
+    return aligned_alloc(alignment, size);
+#elif defined(POSIXALIGNEDALLOC)
+    void* mem = nullptr;
+    posix_memalign(&mem, alignment, size);
+    return mem;
+#elif defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_M_ARM) && !defined(_M_ARM64)
+    return _mm_malloc(size, alignment);
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+    return _aligned_malloc(size, alignment);
+#else
+    return std::aligned_alloc(alignment, size);
+#endif
+}
+
+void std_aligned_free(void* ptr) {
+
+#if defined(POSIXALIGNEDALLOC)
+    free(ptr);
+#elif defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_M_ARM) && !defined(_M_ARM64)
+    _mm_free(ptr);
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+    _aligned_free(ptr);
+#else
+    free(ptr);
+#endif
+}
+
+// aligned_large_pages_alloc() will return suitably aligned memory,
+// if possible using large pages.
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+
+static void* aligned_large_pages_alloc_windows([[maybe_unused]] size_t allocSize) {
+
+    #if !defined(_WIN64)
+    return nullptr;
+    #else
+
+    HANDLE hProcessToken{};
+    LUID   luid{};
+    void*  mem = nullptr;
+
+    const size_t largePageSize = GetLargePageMinimum();
+    if (!largePageSize)
+        return nullptr;
+
+    // Dynamically link OpenProcessToken, LookupPrivilegeValue and AdjustTokenPrivileges
+
+    HMODULE hAdvapi32 = GetModuleHandle(TEXT("advapi32.dll"));
+
+    if (!hAdvapi32)
+        hAdvapi32 = LoadLibrary(TEXT("advapi32.dll"));
+
+    auto OpenProcessToken_f =
+      OpenProcessToken_t((void (*)()) GetProcAddress(hAdvapi32, "OpenProcessToken"));
+    if (!OpenProcessToken_f)
+        return nullptr;
+    auto LookupPrivilegeValueA_f =
+      LookupPrivilegeValueA_t((void (*)()) GetProcAddress(hAdvapi32, "LookupPrivilegeValueA"));
+    if (!LookupPrivilegeValueA_f)
+        return nullptr;
+    auto AdjustTokenPrivileges_f =
+      AdjustTokenPrivileges_t((void (*)()) GetProcAddress(hAdvapi32, "AdjustTokenPrivileges"));
+    if (!AdjustTokenPrivileges_f)
+        return nullptr;
+
+    // We need SeLockMemoryPrivilege, so try to enable it for the process
+
+    if (!OpenProcessToken_f(  // OpenProcessToken()
+          GetCurrentProcess(), TOKEN_ADJUST_PRIVILEGES | TOKEN_QUERY, &hProcessToken))
+        return nullptr;
+
+    if (LookupPrivilegeValueA_f(nullptr, "SeLockMemoryPrivilege", &luid))
+    {
+        TOKEN_PRIVILEGES tp{};
+        TOKEN_PRIVILEGES prevTp{};
+        DWORD            prevTpLen = 0;
+
+        tp.PrivilegeCount           = 1;
+        tp.Privileges[0].Luid       = luid;
+        tp.Privileges[0].Attributes = SE_PRIVILEGE_ENABLED;
+
+        // Try to enable SeLockMemoryPrivilege. Note that even if AdjustTokenPrivileges()
+        // succeeds, we still need to query GetLastError() to ensure that the privileges
+        // were actually obtained.
+
+        if (AdjustTokenPrivileges_f(hProcessToken, FALSE, &tp, sizeof(TOKEN_PRIVILEGES), &prevTp,
+                                    &prevTpLen)
+            && GetLastError() == ERROR_SUCCESS)
+        {
+            // Round up size to full pages and allocate
+            allocSize = (allocSize + largePageSize - 1) & ~size_t(largePageSize - 1);
+            mem       = VirtualAlloc(nullptr, allocSize, MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT | MEM_LARGE_PAGES,
+                                     PAGE_READWRITE);
+
+            // Privilege no longer needed, restore previous state
+            AdjustTokenPrivileges_f(hProcessToken, FALSE, &prevTp, 0, nullptr, nullptr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    CloseHandle(hProcessToken);
+
+    return mem;
+
+    #endif
+}
+
+void* aligned_large_pages_alloc(size_t allocSize) {
+
+    // Try to allocate large pages
+    void* mem = aligned_large_pages_alloc_windows(allocSize);
+
+    // Fall back to regular, page-aligned, allocation if necessary
+    if (!mem)
+        mem = VirtualAlloc(nullptr, allocSize, MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
+
+    return mem;
+}
+
+#else
+
+void* aligned_large_pages_alloc(size_t allocSize) {
+
+    #if defined(__linux__)
+    constexpr size_t alignment = 2 * 1024 * 1024;  // 2MB page size assumed
+    #else
+    constexpr size_t alignment = 4096;  // small page size assumed
+    #endif
+
+    // Round up to multiples of alignment
+    size_t size = ((allocSize + alignment - 1) / alignment) * alignment;
+    void*  mem  = std_aligned_alloc(alignment, size);
+    #if defined(MADV_HUGEPAGE)
+    madvise(mem, size, MADV_HUGEPAGE);
+    #endif
+    return mem;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+bool has_large_pages() {
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+
+    constexpr size_t page_size = 2 * 1024 * 1024;  // 2MB page size assumed
+    void*            mem       = aligned_large_pages_alloc_windows(page_size);
+    if (mem == nullptr)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        aligned_large_pages_free(mem);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+#elif defined(__linux__)
+
+    #if defined(MADV_HUGEPAGE)
+    return true;
+    #else
+    return false;
+    #endif
+
+#else
+
+    return false;
+
+#endif
+}
+
+
+// aligned_large_pages_free() will free the previously memory allocated
+// by aligned_large_pages_alloc(). The effect is a nop if mem == nullptr.
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+
+void aligned_large_pages_free(void* mem) {
+
+    if (mem && !VirtualFree(mem, 0, MEM_RELEASE))
+    {
+        DWORD err = GetLastError();
+        std::cerr << "Failed to free large page memory. Error code: 0x" << std::hex << err
+                  << std::dec << std::endl;
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+}
+
+#else
+
+void aligned_large_pages_free(void* mem) { std_aligned_free(mem); }
+
+#endif
+}  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+/*
+  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+
+  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+  GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+#ifndef MEMORY_H_INCLUDED
+#define MEMORY_H_INCLUDED
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <new>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "types.h"
+
+namespace Stockfish {
+
+void* std_aligned_alloc(size_t alignment, size_t size);
+void  std_aligned_free(void* ptr);
+
+// Memory aligned by page size, min alignment: 4096 bytes
+void* aligned_large_pages_alloc(size_t size);
+void  aligned_large_pages_free(void* mem);
+
+bool has_large_pages();
+
+// Frees memory which was placed there with placement new.
+// Works for both single objects and arrays of unknown bound.
+template<typename T, typename FREE_FUNC>
+void memory_deleter(T* ptr, FREE_FUNC free_func) {
+    if (!ptr)
+        return;
+
+    // Explicitly needed to call the destructor
+    if constexpr (!std::is_trivially_destructible_v<T>)
+        ptr->~T();
+
+    free_func(ptr);
+    return;
+}
+
+// Frees memory which was placed there with placement new.
+// Works for both single objects and arrays of unknown bound.
+template<typename T, typename FREE_FUNC>
+void memory_deleter_array(T* ptr, FREE_FUNC free_func) {
+    if (!ptr)
+        return;
+
+
+    // Move back on the pointer to where the size is allocated
+    const size_t array_offset = std::max(sizeof(size_t), alignof(T));
+    char*        raw_memory   = reinterpret_cast<char*>(ptr) - array_offset;
+
+    if constexpr (!std::is_trivially_destructible_v<T>)
+    {
+        const size_t size = *reinterpret_cast<size_t*>(raw_memory);
+
+        // Explicitly call the destructor for each element in reverse order
+        for (size_t i = size; i-- > 0;)
+            ptr[i].~T();
+    }
+
+    free_func(raw_memory);
+}
+
+// Allocates memory for a single object and places it there with placement new
+template<typename T, typename ALLOC_FUNC, typename... Args>
+inline std::enable_if_t<!std::is_array_v<T>, T*> memory_allocator(ALLOC_FUNC alloc_func,
+                                                                  Args&&... args) {
+    void* raw_memory = alloc_func(sizeof(T));
+    ASSERT_ALIGNED(raw_memory, alignof(T));
+    return new (raw_memory) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+// Allocates memory for an array of unknown bound and places it there with placement new
+template<typename T, typename ALLOC_FUNC>
+inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_array_v<T>, std::remove_extent_t<T>*>
+memory_allocator(ALLOC_FUNC alloc_func, size_t num) {
+    using ElementType = std::remove_extent_t<T>;
+
+    const size_t array_offset = std::max(sizeof(size_t), alignof(ElementType));
+
+    // Save the array size in the memory location
+    char* raw_memory =
+      reinterpret_cast<char*>(alloc_func(array_offset + num * sizeof(ElementType)));
+    ASSERT_ALIGNED(raw_memory, alignof(T));
+
+    new (raw_memory) size_t(num);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num; ++i)
+        new (raw_memory + array_offset + i * sizeof(ElementType)) ElementType();
+
+    // Need to return the pointer at the start of the array so that
+    // the indexing in unique_ptr<T[]> works.
+    return reinterpret_cast<ElementType*>(raw_memory + array_offset);
+}
+
+//
+//
+// aligned large page unique ptr
+//
+//
+
+template<typename T>
+struct LargePageDeleter {
+    void operator()(T* ptr) const { return memory_deleter<T>(ptr, aligned_large_pages_free); }
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct LargePageArrayDeleter {
+    void operator()(T* ptr) const { return memory_deleter_array<T>(ptr, aligned_large_pages_free); }
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+using LargePagePtr =
+  std::conditional_t<std::is_array_v<T>,
+                     std::unique_ptr<T, LargePageArrayDeleter<std::remove_extent_t<T>>>,
+                     std::unique_ptr<T, LargePageDeleter<T>>>;
+
+// make_unique_large_page for single objects
+template<typename T, typename... Args>
+std::enable_if_t<!std::is_array_v<T>, LargePagePtr<T>> make_unique_large_page(Args&&... args) {
+    static_assert(alignof(T) <= 4096,
+                  "aligned_large_pages_alloc() may fail for such a big alignment requirement of T");
+
+    T* obj = memory_allocator<T>(aligned_large_pages_alloc, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+
+    return LargePagePtr<T>(obj);
+}
+
+// make_unique_large_page for arrays of unknown bound
+template<typename T>
+std::enable_if_t<std::is_array_v<T>, LargePagePtr<T>> make_unique_large_page(size_t num) {
+    using ElementType = std::remove_extent_t<T>;
+
+    static_assert(alignof(ElementType) <= 4096,
+                  "aligned_large_pages_alloc() may fail for such a big alignment requirement of T");
+
+    ElementType* memory = memory_allocator<T>(aligned_large_pages_alloc, num);
+
+    return LargePagePtr<T>(memory);
+}
+
+//
+//
+// aligned unique ptr
+//
+//
+
+template<typename T>
+struct AlignedDeleter {
+    void operator()(T* ptr) const { return memory_deleter<T>(ptr, std_aligned_free); }
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct AlignedArrayDeleter {
+    void operator()(T* ptr) const { return memory_deleter_array<T>(ptr, std_aligned_free); }
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+using AlignedPtr =
+  std::conditional_t<std::is_array_v<T>,
+                     std::unique_ptr<T, AlignedArrayDeleter<std::remove_extent_t<T>>>,
+                     std::unique_ptr<T, AlignedDeleter<T>>>;
+
+// make_unique_aligned for single objects
+template<typename T, typename... Args>
+std::enable_if_t<!std::is_array_v<T>, AlignedPtr<T>> make_unique_aligned(Args&&... args) {
+    const auto func = [](size_t size) { return std_aligned_alloc(alignof(T), size); };
+    T*         obj  = memory_allocator<T>(func, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+
+    return AlignedPtr<T>(obj);
+}
+
+// make_unique_aligned for arrays of unknown bound
+template<typename T>
+std::enable_if_t<std::is_array_v<T>, AlignedPtr<T>> make_unique_aligned(size_t num) {
+    using ElementType = std::remove_extent_t<T>;
+
+    const auto   func   = [](size_t size) { return std_aligned_alloc(alignof(ElementType), size); };
+    ElementType* memory = memory_allocator<T>(func, num);
+
+    return AlignedPtr<T>(memory);
+}
+
+
+// Get the first aligned element of an array.
+// ptr must point to an array of size at least `sizeof(T) * N + alignment` bytes,
+// where N is the number of elements in the array.
+template<uintptr_t Alignment, typename T>
+T* align_ptr_up(T* ptr) {
+    static_assert(alignof(T) < Alignment);
+
+    const uintptr_t ptrint = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(ptr));
+    return reinterpret_cast<T*>(
+      reinterpret_cast<char*>((ptrint + (Alignment - 1)) / Alignment * Alignment));
+}
+
+
+}  // namespace Stockfish
+
+#endif  // #ifndef MEMORY_H_INCLUDED
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -18,58 +18,23 @@

 #include "misc.h"

-#ifdef _WIN32
-    #if _WIN32_WINNT < 0x0601
-        #undef _WIN32_WINNT
-        #define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0601  // Force to include needed API prototypes
-    #endif
-
-    #ifndef NOMINMAX
-        #define NOMINMAX
-    #endif
-
-    #include <windows.h>
-// The needed Windows API for processor groups could be missed from old Windows
-// versions, so instead of calling them directly (forcing the linker to resolve
-// the calls at compile time), try to load them at runtime. To do this we need
-// first to define the corresponding function pointers.
-extern "C" {
-using fun1_t = bool (*)(LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_RELATIONSHIP,
-                        PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX,
-                        PDWORD);
-using fun2_t = bool (*)(USHORT, PGROUP_AFFINITY);
-using fun3_t = bool (*)(HANDLE, CONST GROUP_AFFINITY*, PGROUP_AFFINITY);
-using fun4_t = bool (*)(USHORT, PGROUP_AFFINITY, USHORT, PUSHORT);
-using fun5_t = WORD (*)();
-using fun6_t = bool (*)(HANDLE, DWORD, PHANDLE);
-using fun7_t = bool (*)(LPCSTR, LPCSTR, PLUID);
-using fun8_t = bool (*)(HANDLE, BOOL, PTOKEN_PRIVILEGES, DWORD, PTOKEN_PRIVILEGES, PDWORD);
-}
-#endif
-
+#include <array>
 #include <atomic>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cctype>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string_view>

 #include "types.h"

-#if defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
-    #include <sys/mman.h>
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__ANDROID__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) \
-  || (defined(__GLIBCXX__) && !defined(_GLIBCXX_HAVE_ALIGNED_ALLOC) && !defined(_WIN32)) \
-  || defined(__e2k__)
-    #define POSIXALIGNEDALLOC
-    #include <stdlib.h>
-#endif
-
 namespace Stockfish {

 namespace {
@@ -149,15 +114,17 @@ class Logger {


 // Returns the full name of the current Stockfish version.
-// For local dev compiles we try to append the commit sha and commit date
-// from git if that fails only the local compilation date is set and "nogit" is specified:
-// Stockfish dev-YYYYMMDD-SHA
-// or
-// Stockfish dev-YYYYMMDD-nogit
+//
+// For local dev compiles we try to append the commit SHA and
+// commit date from git. If that fails only the local compilation
+// date is set and "nogit" is specified:
+//      Stockfish dev-YYYYMMDD-SHA
+//      or
+//      Stockfish dev-YYYYMMDD-nogit
 //
 // For releases (non-dev builds) we only include the version number:
-// Stockfish version
-std::string engine_info(bool to_uci) {
+//      Stockfish version
+std::string engine_version_info() {
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << "Stockfish " << version << std::setfill('0');

@@ -168,8 +135,9 @@ std::string engine_info(bool to_uci) {
        ss << stringify(GIT_DATE);
 #else
        constexpr std::string_view months("Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec");
-        std::string                month, day, year;
-        std::stringstream          date(__DATE__);  // From compiler, format is "Sep 21 2008"
+
+        std::string       month, day, year;
+        std::stringstream date(__DATE__);  // From compiler, format is "Sep 21 2008"

        date >> month >> day >> year;
        ss << year << std::setw(2) << std::setfill('0') << (1 + months.find(month) / 4)
@@ -185,11 +153,14 @@ std::string engine_info(bool to_uci) {
 #endif
    }

-    ss << (to_uci ? "\nid author " : " by ") << "the Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)";
-
    return ss.str();
 }

+std::string engine_info(bool to_uci) {
+    return engine_version_info() + (to_uci ? "\nid author " : " by ")
+         + "the Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)";
+}
+

 // Returns a string trying to describe the compiler we use
 std::string compiler_info() {
@@ -318,44 +289,67 @@ template<size_t N>
 struct DebugInfo {
    std::atomic<int64_t> data[N] = {0};

-    constexpr inline std::atomic<int64_t>& operator[](int index) { return data[index]; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr std::atomic<int64_t>& operator[](size_t index) {
+        assert(index < N);
+        return data[index];
+    }
 };

-DebugInfo<2> hit[MaxDebugSlots];
-DebugInfo<2> mean[MaxDebugSlots];
-DebugInfo<3> stdev[MaxDebugSlots];
-DebugInfo<6> correl[MaxDebugSlots];
+struct DebugExtremes: public DebugInfo<3> {
+    DebugExtremes() {
+        data[1] = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min();
+        data[2] = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
+    }
+};
+
+std::array<DebugInfo<2>, MaxDebugSlots>  hit;
+std::array<DebugInfo<2>, MaxDebugSlots>  mean;
+std::array<DebugInfo<3>, MaxDebugSlots>  stdev;
+std::array<DebugInfo<6>, MaxDebugSlots>  correl;
+std::array<DebugExtremes, MaxDebugSlots> extremes;

 }  // namespace

 void dbg_hit_on(bool cond, int slot) {

-    ++hit[slot][0];
+    ++hit.at(slot)[0];
    if (cond)
-        ++hit[slot][1];
+        ++hit.at(slot)[1];
 }

 void dbg_mean_of(int64_t value, int slot) {

-    ++mean[slot][0];
-    mean[slot][1] += value;
+    ++mean.at(slot)[0];
+    mean.at(slot)[1] += value;
 }

 void dbg_stdev_of(int64_t value, int slot) {

-    ++stdev[slot][0];
-    stdev[slot][1] += value;
-    stdev[slot][2] += value * value;
+    ++stdev.at(slot)[0];
+    stdev.at(slot)[1] += value;
+    stdev.at(slot)[2] += value * value;
+}
+
+void dbg_extremes_of(int64_t value, int slot) {
+    ++extremes.at(slot)[0];
+
+    int64_t current_max = extremes.at(slot)[1].load();
+    while (current_max < value && !extremes.at(slot)[1].compare_exchange_weak(current_max, value))
+    {}
+
+    int64_t current_min = extremes.at(slot)[2].load();
+    while (current_min > value && !extremes.at(slot)[2].compare_exchange_weak(current_min, value))
+    {}
 }

 void dbg_correl_of(int64_t value1, int64_t value2, int slot) {

-    ++correl[slot][0];
-    correl[slot][1] += value1;
-    correl[slot][2] += value1 * value1;
-    correl[slot][3] += value2;
-    correl[slot][4] += value2 * value2;
-    correl[slot][5] += value1 * value2;
+    ++correl.at(slot)[0];
+    correl.at(slot)[1] += value1;
+    correl.at(slot)[2] += value1 * value1;
+    correl.at(slot)[3] += value2;
+    correl.at(slot)[4] += value2 * value2;
+    correl.at(slot)[5] += value1 * value2;
 }

 void dbg_print() {
@@ -382,6 +376,13 @@ void dbg_print() {
            std::cerr << "Stdev #" << i << ": Total " << n << " Stdev " << r << std::endl;
        }

+    for (int i = 0; i < MaxDebugSlots; ++i)
+        if ((n = extremes[i][0]))
+        {
+            std::cerr << "Extremity #" << i << ": Total " << n << " Min " << extremes[i][2]
+                      << " Max " << extremes[i][1] << std::endl;
+        }
+
    for (int i = 0; i < MaxDebugSlots; ++i)
        if ((n = correl[i][0]))
        {
@@ -408,6 +409,8 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, SyncCout sc) {
    return os;
 }

+void sync_cout_start() { std::cout << IO_LOCK; }
+void sync_cout_end() { std::cout << IO_UNLOCK; }

 // Trampoline helper to avoid moving Logger to misc.h
 void start_logger(const std::string& fname) { Logger::start(fname); }
@@ -415,14 +418,14 @@ void start_logger(const std::string& fname) { Logger::start(fname); }

 #ifdef NO_PREFETCH

-void prefetch(void*) {}
+void prefetch(const void*) {}

 #else

-void prefetch(void* addr) {
+void prefetch(const void* addr) {

    #if defined(_MSC_VER)
-    _mm_prefetch((char*) addr, _MM_HINT_T0);
+    _mm_prefetch((char const*) addr, _MM_HINT_T0);
    #else
    __builtin_prefetch(addr);
    #endif
@@ -430,291 +433,6 @@ void prefetch(void* addr) {

 #endif

-
-// Wrapper for systems where the c++17 implementation
-// does not guarantee the availability of aligned_alloc(). Memory allocated with
-// std_aligned_alloc() must be freed with std_aligned_free().
-void* std_aligned_alloc(size_t alignment, size_t size) {
-
-#if defined(POSIXALIGNEDALLOC)
-    void* mem;
-    return posix_memalign(&mem, alignment, size) ? nullptr : mem;
-#elif defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_M_ARM) && !defined(_M_ARM64)
-    return _mm_malloc(size, alignment);
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-    return _aligned_malloc(size, alignment);
-#else
-    return std::aligned_alloc(alignment, size);
-#endif
-}
-
-void std_aligned_free(void* ptr) {
-
-#if defined(POSIXALIGNEDALLOC)
-    free(ptr);
-#elif defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_M_ARM) && !defined(_M_ARM64)
-    _mm_free(ptr);
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-    _aligned_free(ptr);
-#else
-    free(ptr);
-#endif
-}
-
-// aligned_large_pages_alloc() will return suitably aligned memory, if possible using large pages.
-
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-
-static void* aligned_large_pages_alloc_windows([[maybe_unused]] size_t allocSize) {
-
-    #if !defined(_WIN64)
-    return nullptr;
-    #else
-
-    HANDLE hProcessToken{};
-    LUID   luid{};
-    void*  mem = nullptr;
-
-    const size_t largePageSize = GetLargePageMinimum();
-    if (!largePageSize)
-        return nullptr;
-
-    // Dynamically link OpenProcessToken, LookupPrivilegeValue and AdjustTokenPrivileges
-
-    HMODULE hAdvapi32 = GetModuleHandle(TEXT("advapi32.dll"));
-
-    if (!hAdvapi32)
-        hAdvapi32 = LoadLibrary(TEXT("advapi32.dll"));
-
-    auto fun6 = fun6_t((void (*)()) GetProcAddress(hAdvapi32, "OpenProcessToken"));
-    if (!fun6)
-        return nullptr;
-    auto fun7 = fun7_t((void (*)()) GetProcAddress(hAdvapi32, "LookupPrivilegeValueA"));
-    if (!fun7)
-        return nullptr;
-    auto fun8 = fun8_t((void (*)()) GetProcAddress(hAdvapi32, "AdjustTokenPrivileges"));
-    if (!fun8)
-        return nullptr;
-
-    // We need SeLockMemoryPrivilege, so try to enable it for the process
-    if (!fun6(  // OpenProcessToken()
-          GetCurrentProcess(), TOKEN_ADJUST_PRIVILEGES | TOKEN_QUERY, &hProcessToken))
-        return nullptr;
-
-    if (fun7(  // LookupPrivilegeValue(nullptr, SE_LOCK_MEMORY_NAME, &luid)
-          nullptr, "SeLockMemoryPrivilege", &luid))
-    {
-        TOKEN_PRIVILEGES tp{};
-        TOKEN_PRIVILEGES prevTp{};
-        DWORD            prevTpLen = 0;
-
-        tp.PrivilegeCount           = 1;
-        tp.Privileges[0].Luid       = luid;
-        tp.Privileges[0].Attributes = SE_PRIVILEGE_ENABLED;
-
-        // Try to enable SeLockMemoryPrivilege. Note that even if AdjustTokenPrivileges() succeeds,
-        // we still need to query GetLastError() to ensure that the privileges were actually obtained.
-        if (fun8(  // AdjustTokenPrivileges()
-              hProcessToken, FALSE, &tp, sizeof(TOKEN_PRIVILEGES), &prevTp, &prevTpLen)
-            && GetLastError() == ERROR_SUCCESS)
-        {
-            // Round up size to full pages and allocate
-            allocSize = (allocSize + largePageSize - 1) & ~size_t(largePageSize - 1);
-            mem       = VirtualAlloc(nullptr, allocSize, MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT | MEM_LARGE_PAGES,
-                                     PAGE_READWRITE);
-
-            // Privilege no longer needed, restore previous state
-            fun8(  // AdjustTokenPrivileges ()
-              hProcessToken, FALSE, &prevTp, 0, nullptr, nullptr);
-        }
-    }
-
-    CloseHandle(hProcessToken);
-
-    return mem;
-
-    #endif
-}
-
-void* aligned_large_pages_alloc(size_t allocSize) {
-
-    // Try to allocate large pages
-    void* mem = aligned_large_pages_alloc_windows(allocSize);
-
-    // Fall back to regular, page-aligned, allocation if necessary
-    if (!mem)
-        mem = VirtualAlloc(nullptr, allocSize, MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
-
-    return mem;
-}
-
-#else
-
-void* aligned_large_pages_alloc(size_t allocSize) {
-
-    #if defined(__linux__)
-    constexpr size_t alignment = 2 * 1024 * 1024;  // assumed 2MB page size
-    #else
-    constexpr size_t alignment = 4096;  // assumed small page size
-    #endif
-
-    // Round up to multiples of alignment
-    size_t size = ((allocSize + alignment - 1) / alignment) * alignment;
-    void*  mem  = std_aligned_alloc(alignment, size);
-    #if defined(MADV_HUGEPAGE)
-    madvise(mem, size, MADV_HUGEPAGE);
-    #endif
-    return mem;
-}
-
-#endif
-
-
-// aligned_large_pages_free() will free the previously allocated ttmem
-
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-
-void aligned_large_pages_free(void* mem) {
-
-    if (mem && !VirtualFree(mem, 0, MEM_RELEASE))
-    {
-        DWORD err = GetLastError();
-        std::cerr << "Failed to free large page memory. Error code: 0x" << std::hex << err
-                  << std::dec << std::endl;
-        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-}
-
-#else
-
-void aligned_large_pages_free(void* mem) { std_aligned_free(mem); }
-
-#endif
-
-
-namespace WinProcGroup {
-
-#ifndef _WIN32
-
-void bind_this_thread(size_t) {}
-
-#else
-
-namespace {
-// Retrieves logical processor information using Windows-specific
-// API and returns the best node id for the thread with index idx. Original
-// code from Texel by Peter Österlund.
-int best_node(size_t idx) {
-
-    int   threads      = 0;
-    int   nodes        = 0;
-    int   cores        = 0;
-    DWORD returnLength = 0;
-    DWORD byteOffset   = 0;
-
-    // Early exit if the needed API is not available at runtime
-    HMODULE k32  = GetModuleHandle(TEXT("Kernel32.dll"));
-    auto    fun1 = (fun1_t) (void (*)()) GetProcAddress(k32, "GetLogicalProcessorInformationEx");
-    if (!fun1)
-        return -1;
-
-    // First call to GetLogicalProcessorInformationEx() to get returnLength.
-    // We expect the call to fail due to null buffer.
-    if (fun1(RelationAll, nullptr, &returnLength))
-        return -1;
-
-    // Once we know returnLength, allocate the buffer
-    SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX *buffer, *ptr;
-    ptr = buffer = (SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX*) malloc(returnLength);
-
-    // Second call to GetLogicalProcessorInformationEx(), now we expect to succeed
-    if (!fun1(RelationAll, buffer, &returnLength))
-    {
-        free(buffer);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    while (byteOffset < returnLength)
-    {
-        if (ptr->Relationship == RelationNumaNode)
-            nodes++;
-
-        else if (ptr->Relationship == RelationProcessorCore)
-        {
-            cores++;
-            threads += (ptr->Processor.Flags == LTP_PC_SMT) ? 2 : 1;
-        }
-
-        assert(ptr->Size);
-        byteOffset += ptr->Size;
-        ptr = (SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX*) (((char*) ptr) + ptr->Size);
-    }
-
-    free(buffer);
-
-    std::vector<int> groups;
-
-    // Run as many threads as possible on the same node until the core limit is
-    // reached, then move on to filling the next node.
-    for (int n = 0; n < nodes; n++)
-        for (int i = 0; i < cores / nodes; i++)
-            groups.push_back(n);
-
-    // In case a core has more than one logical processor (we assume 2) and we
-    // still have threads to allocate, spread them evenly across available nodes.
-    for (int t = 0; t < threads - cores; t++)
-        groups.push_back(t % nodes);
-
-    // If we still have more threads than the total number of logical processors
-    // then return -1 and let the OS to decide what to do.
-    return idx < groups.size() ? groups[idx] : -1;
-}
-}
-
-
-// Sets the group affinity of the current thread
-void bind_this_thread(size_t idx) {
-
-    // Use only local variables to be thread-safe
-    int node = best_node(idx);
-
-    if (node == -1)
-        return;
-
-    // Early exit if the needed API are not available at runtime
-    HMODULE k32  = GetModuleHandle(TEXT("Kernel32.dll"));
-    auto    fun2 = fun2_t((void (*)()) GetProcAddress(k32, "GetNumaNodeProcessorMaskEx"));
-    auto    fun3 = fun3_t((void (*)()) GetProcAddress(k32, "SetThreadGroupAffinity"));
-    auto    fun4 = fun4_t((void (*)()) GetProcAddress(k32, "GetNumaNodeProcessorMask2"));
-    auto    fun5 = fun5_t((void (*)()) GetProcAddress(k32, "GetMaximumProcessorGroupCount"));
-
-    if (!fun2 || !fun3)
-        return;
-
-    if (!fun4 || !fun5)
-    {
-        GROUP_AFFINITY affinity;
-        if (fun2(node, &affinity))                         // GetNumaNodeProcessorMaskEx
-            fun3(GetCurrentThread(), &affinity, nullptr);  // SetThreadGroupAffinity
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        // If a numa node has more than one processor group, we assume they are
-        // sized equal and we spread threads evenly across the groups.
-        USHORT elements, returnedElements;
-        elements                 = fun5();  // GetMaximumProcessorGroupCount
-        GROUP_AFFINITY* affinity = (GROUP_AFFINITY*) malloc(elements * sizeof(GROUP_AFFINITY));
-        if (fun4(node, affinity, elements, &returnedElements))  // GetNumaNodeProcessorMask2
-            fun3(GetCurrentThread(), &affinity[idx % returnedElements],
-                 nullptr);  // SetThreadGroupAffinity
-        free(affinity);
-    }
-}
-
-#endif
-
-}  // namespace WinProcGroup
-
 #ifdef _WIN32
    #include <direct.h>
    #define GETCWD _getcwd
@@ -723,13 +441,30 @@ void bind_this_thread(size_t idx) {
    #define GETCWD getcwd
 #endif

-CommandLine::CommandLine(int _argc, char** _argv) :
-    argc(_argc),
-    argv(_argv) {
-    std::string pathSeparator;
+size_t str_to_size_t(const std::string& s) {
+    unsigned long long value = std::stoull(s);
+    if (value > std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
+        std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    return static_cast<size_t>(value);
+}

-    // Extract the path+name of the executable binary
-    std::string argv0 = argv[0];
+std::optional<std::string> read_file_to_string(const std::string& path) {
+    std::ifstream f(path, std::ios_base::binary);
+    if (!f)
+        return std::nullopt;
+    return std::string(std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
+}
+
+void remove_whitespace(std::string& s) {
+    s.erase(std::remove_if(s.begin(), s.end(), [](char c) { return std::isspace(c); }), s.end());
+}
+
+bool is_whitespace(std::string_view s) {
+    return std::all_of(s.begin(), s.end(), [](char c) { return std::isspace(c); });
+}
+
+std::string CommandLine::get_binary_directory(std::string argv0) {
+    std::string pathSeparator;

 #ifdef _WIN32
    pathSeparator = "\\";
@@ -745,15 +480,11 @@ CommandLine::CommandLine(int _argc, char** _argv) :
 #endif

    // Extract the working directory
-    workingDirectory = "";
-    char  buff[40000];
-    char* cwd = GETCWD(buff, 40000);
-    if (cwd)
-        workingDirectory = cwd;
+    auto workingDirectory = CommandLine::get_working_directory();

    // Extract the binary directory path from argv0
-    binaryDirectory = argv0;
-    size_t pos      = binaryDirectory.find_last_of("\\/");
+    auto   binaryDirectory = argv0;
+    size_t pos             = binaryDirectory.find_last_of("\\/");
    if (pos == std::string::npos)
        binaryDirectory = "." + pathSeparator;
    else
@@ -762,6 +493,19 @@ CommandLine::CommandLine(int _argc, char** _argv) :
    // Pattern replacement: "./" at the start of path is replaced by the working directory
    if (binaryDirectory.find("." + pathSeparator) == 0)
        binaryDirectory.replace(0, 1, workingDirectory);
+
+    return binaryDirectory;
 }

+std::string CommandLine::get_working_directory() {
+    std::string workingDirectory = "";
+    char        buff[40000];
+    char*       cwd = GETCWD(buff, 40000);
+    if (cwd)
+        workingDirectory = cwd;
+
+    return workingDirectory;
+}
+
+
 }  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -20,13 +20,16 @@
 #define MISC_H_INCLUDED

 #include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
 #include <iosfwd>
-#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <vector>

 #define stringify2(x) #x
@@ -34,49 +37,40 @@

 namespace Stockfish {

+std::string engine_version_info();
 std::string engine_info(bool to_uci = false);
 std::string compiler_info();

 // Preloads the given address in L1/L2 cache. This is a non-blocking
 // function that doesn't stall the CPU waiting for data to be loaded from memory,
 // which can be quite slow.
-void prefetch(void* addr);
+void prefetch(const void* addr);

-void  start_logger(const std::string& fname);
-void* std_aligned_alloc(size_t alignment, size_t size);
-void  std_aligned_free(void* ptr);
-// memory aligned by page size, min alignment: 4096 bytes
-void* aligned_large_pages_alloc(size_t size);
-// nop if mem == nullptr
-void aligned_large_pages_free(void* mem);
+void start_logger(const std::string& fname);

-// Deleter for automating release of memory area
-template<typename T>
-struct AlignedDeleter {
-    void operator()(T* ptr) const {
-        ptr->~T();
-        std_aligned_free(ptr);
+size_t str_to_size_t(const std::string& s);
+
+#if defined(__linux__)
+
+struct PipeDeleter {
+    void operator()(FILE* file) const {
+        if (file != nullptr)
+        {
+            pclose(file);
+        }
    }
 };

-template<typename T>
-struct LargePageDeleter {
-    void operator()(T* ptr) const {
-        ptr->~T();
-        aligned_large_pages_free(ptr);
-    }
-};
-
-template<typename T>
-using AlignedPtr = std::unique_ptr<T, AlignedDeleter<T>>;
-
-template<typename T>
-using LargePagePtr = std::unique_ptr<T, LargePageDeleter<T>>;
+#endif

+// Reads the file as bytes.
+// Returns std::nullopt if the file does not exist.
+std::optional<std::string> read_file_to_string(const std::string& path);

 void dbg_hit_on(bool cond, int slot = 0);
 void dbg_mean_of(int64_t value, int slot = 0);
 void dbg_stdev_of(int64_t value, int slot = 0);
+void dbg_extremes_of(int64_t value, int slot = 0);
 void dbg_correl_of(int64_t value1, int64_t value2, int slot = 0);
 void dbg_print();

@@ -88,6 +82,30 @@ inline TimePoint now() {
      .count();
 }

+inline std::vector<std::string_view> split(std::string_view s, std::string_view delimiter) {
+    std::vector<std::string_view> res;
+
+    if (s.empty())
+        return res;
+
+    size_t begin = 0;
+    for (;;)
+    {
+        const size_t end = s.find(delimiter, begin);
+        if (end == std::string::npos)
+            break;
+
+        res.emplace_back(s.substr(begin, end - begin));
+        begin = end + delimiter.size();
+    }
+
+    res.emplace_back(s.substr(begin));
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+void remove_whitespace(std::string& s);
+bool is_whitespace(std::string_view s);

 enum SyncCout {
    IO_LOCK,
@@ -98,26 +116,12 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, SyncCout);
 #define sync_cout std::cout << IO_LOCK
 #define sync_endl std::endl << IO_UNLOCK

-
-// Get the first aligned element of an array.
-// ptr must point to an array of size at least `sizeof(T) * N + alignment` bytes,
-// where N is the number of elements in the array.
-template<uintptr_t Alignment, typename T>
-T* align_ptr_up(T* ptr) {
-    static_assert(alignof(T) < Alignment);
-
-    const uintptr_t ptrint = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(ptr));
-    return reinterpret_cast<T*>(
-      reinterpret_cast<char*>((ptrint + (Alignment - 1)) / Alignment * Alignment));
-}
-
+void sync_cout_start();
+void sync_cout_end();

 // True if and only if the binary is compiled on a little-endian machine
-static inline const union {
-    uint32_t i;
-    char     c[4];
-} Le                                    = {0x01020304};
-static inline const bool IsLittleEndian = (Le.c[0] == 4);
+static inline const std::uint16_t Le             = 1;
+static inline const bool          IsLittleEndian = *reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&Le) == 1;


 template<typename T, std::size_t MaxSize>
@@ -136,6 +140,92 @@ class ValueList {
 };


+template<typename T, std::size_t Size, std::size_t... Sizes>
+class MultiArray;
+
+namespace Detail {
+
+template<typename T, std::size_t Size, std::size_t... Sizes>
+struct MultiArrayHelper {
+    using ChildType = MultiArray<T, Sizes...>;
+};
+
+template<typename T, std::size_t Size>
+struct MultiArrayHelper<T, Size> {
+    using ChildType = T;
+};
+
+}
+
+// MultiArray is a generic N-dimensional array.
+// The template parameters (Size and Sizes) encode the dimensions of the array.
+template<typename T, std::size_t Size, std::size_t... Sizes>
+class MultiArray {
+    using ChildType = typename Detail::MultiArrayHelper<T, Size, Sizes...>::ChildType;
+    using ArrayType = std::array<ChildType, Size>;
+    ArrayType data_;
+
+   public:
+    using value_type             = typename ArrayType::value_type;
+    using size_type              = typename ArrayType::size_type;
+    using difference_type        = typename ArrayType::difference_type;
+    using reference              = typename ArrayType::reference;
+    using const_reference        = typename ArrayType::const_reference;
+    using pointer                = typename ArrayType::pointer;
+    using const_pointer          = typename ArrayType::const_pointer;
+    using iterator               = typename ArrayType::iterator;
+    using const_iterator         = typename ArrayType::const_iterator;
+    using reverse_iterator       = typename ArrayType::reverse_iterator;
+    using const_reverse_iterator = typename ArrayType::const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    constexpr auto&       at(size_type index) noexcept { return data_.at(index); }
+    constexpr const auto& at(size_type index) const noexcept { return data_.at(index); }
+
+    constexpr auto&       operator[](size_type index) noexcept { return data_[index]; }
+    constexpr const auto& operator[](size_type index) const noexcept { return data_[index]; }
+
+    constexpr auto&       front() noexcept { return data_.front(); }
+    constexpr const auto& front() const noexcept { return data_.front(); }
+    constexpr auto&       back() noexcept { return data_.back(); }
+    constexpr const auto& back() const noexcept { return data_.back(); }
+
+    auto*       data() { return data_.data(); }
+    const auto* data() const { return data_.data(); }
+
+    constexpr auto begin() noexcept { return data_.begin(); }
+    constexpr auto end() noexcept { return data_.end(); }
+    constexpr auto begin() const noexcept { return data_.begin(); }
+    constexpr auto end() const noexcept { return data_.end(); }
+    constexpr auto cbegin() const noexcept { return data_.cbegin(); }
+    constexpr auto cend() const noexcept { return data_.cend(); }
+
+    constexpr auto rbegin() noexcept { return data_.rbegin(); }
+    constexpr auto rend() noexcept { return data_.rend(); }
+    constexpr auto rbegin() const noexcept { return data_.rbegin(); }
+    constexpr auto rend() const noexcept { return data_.rend(); }
+    constexpr auto crbegin() const noexcept { return data_.crbegin(); }
+    constexpr auto crend() const noexcept { return data_.crend(); }
+
+    constexpr bool      empty() const noexcept { return data_.empty(); }
+    constexpr size_type size() const noexcept { return data_.size(); }
+    constexpr size_type max_size() const noexcept { return data_.max_size(); }
+
+    template<typename U>
+    void fill(const U& v) {
+        static_assert(std::is_assignable_v<T, U>, "Cannot assign fill value to entry type");
+        for (auto& ele : data_)
+        {
+            if constexpr (sizeof...(Sizes) == 0)
+                ele = v;
+            else
+                ele.fill(v);
+        }
+    }
+
+    constexpr void swap(MultiArray<T, Size, Sizes...>& other) noexcept { data_.swap(other.data_); }
+};
+
+
 // xorshift64star Pseudo-Random Number Generator
 // This class is based on original code written and dedicated
 // to the public domain by Sebastiano Vigna (2014).
@@ -194,25 +284,18 @@ inline uint64_t mul_hi64(uint64_t a, uint64_t b) {
 #endif
 }

-// Under Windows it is not possible for a process to run on more than one
-// logical processor group. This usually means being limited to using max 64
-// cores. To overcome this, some special platform-specific API should be
-// called to set group affinity for each thread. Original code from Texel by
-// Peter Österlund.
-namespace WinProcGroup {
-void bind_this_thread(size_t idx);
-}
-

 struct CommandLine {
   public:
-    CommandLine(int, char**);
+    CommandLine(int _argc, char** _argv) :
+        argc(_argc),
+        argv(_argv) {}
+
+    static std::string get_binary_directory(std::string argv0);
+    static std::string get_working_directory();

    int    argc;
    char** argv;
-
-    std::string binaryDirectory;   // path of the executable directory
-    std::string workingDirectory;  // path of the working directory
 };

 namespace Utility {
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -75,17 +75,6 @@ ExtMove* generate_pawn_moves(const Position& pos, ExtMove* moveList, Bitboard ta
            b2 &= target;
        }

-        if constexpr (Type == QUIET_CHECKS)
-        {
-            // To make a quiet check, you either make a direct check by pushing a pawn
-            // or push a blocker pawn that is not on the same file as the enemy king.
-            // Discovered check promotion has been already generated amongst the captures.
-            Square   ksq              = pos.square<KING>(Them);
-            Bitboard dcCandidatePawns = pos.blockers_for_king(Them) & ~file_bb(ksq);
-            b1 &= pawn_attacks_bb(Them, ksq) | shift<Up>(dcCandidatePawns);
-            b2 &= pawn_attacks_bb(Them, ksq) | shift<Up + Up>(dcCandidatePawns);
-        }
-
        while (b1)
        {
            Square to   = pop_lsb(b1);
@@ -158,7 +147,7 @@ ExtMove* generate_pawn_moves(const Position& pos, ExtMove* moveList, Bitboard ta
 }


-template<Color Us, PieceType Pt, bool Checks>
+template<Color Us, PieceType Pt>
 ExtMove* generate_moves(const Position& pos, ExtMove* moveList, Bitboard target) {

    static_assert(Pt != KING && Pt != PAWN, "Unsupported piece type in generate_moves()");
@@ -170,10 +159,6 @@ ExtMove* generate_moves(const Position& pos, ExtMove* moveList, Bitboard target)
        Square   from = pop_lsb(bb);
        Bitboard b    = attacks_bb<Pt>(from, pos.pieces()) & target;

-        // To check, you either move freely a blocker or make a direct check.
-        if (Checks && (Pt == QUEEN || !(pos.blockers_for_king(~Us) & from)))
-            b &= pos.check_squares(Pt);
-
        while (b)
            *moveList++ = Move(from, pop_lsb(b));
    }
@@ -187,9 +172,8 @@ ExtMove* generate_all(const Position& pos, ExtMove* moveList) {

    static_assert(Type != LEGAL, "Unsupported type in generate_all()");

-    constexpr bool Checks = Type == QUIET_CHECKS;  // Reduce template instantiations
-    const Square   ksq    = pos.square<KING>(Us);
-    Bitboard       target;
+    const Square ksq = pos.square<KING>(Us);
+    Bitboard     target;

    // Skip generating non-king moves when in double check
    if (Type != EVASIONS || !more_than_one(pos.checkers()))
@@ -197,29 +181,24 @@ ExtMove* generate_all(const Position& pos, ExtMove* moveList) {
        target = Type == EVASIONS     ? between_bb(ksq, lsb(pos.checkers()))
               : Type == NON_EVASIONS ? ~pos.pieces(Us)
               : Type == CAPTURES     ? pos.pieces(~Us)
-                                      : ~pos.pieces();  // QUIETS || QUIET_CHECKS
+                                      : ~pos.pieces();  // QUIETS

        moveList = generate_pawn_moves<Us, Type>(pos, moveList, target);
-        moveList = generate_moves<Us, KNIGHT, Checks>(pos, moveList, target);
-        moveList = generate_moves<Us, BISHOP, Checks>(pos, moveList, target);
-        moveList = generate_moves<Us, ROOK, Checks>(pos, moveList, target);
-        moveList = generate_moves<Us, QUEEN, Checks>(pos, moveList, target);
+        moveList = generate_moves<Us, KNIGHT>(pos, moveList, target);
+        moveList = generate_moves<Us, BISHOP>(pos, moveList, target);
+        moveList = generate_moves<Us, ROOK>(pos, moveList, target);
+        moveList = generate_moves<Us, QUEEN>(pos, moveList, target);
    }

-    if (!Checks || pos.blockers_for_king(~Us) & ksq)
-    {
-        Bitboard b = attacks_bb<KING>(ksq) & (Type == EVASIONS ? ~pos.pieces(Us) : target);
-        if (Checks)
-            b &= ~attacks_bb<QUEEN>(pos.square<KING>(~Us));
+    Bitboard b = attacks_bb<KING>(ksq) & (Type == EVASIONS ? ~pos.pieces(Us) : target);

-        while (b)
-            *moveList++ = Move(ksq, pop_lsb(b));
+    while (b)
+        *moveList++ = Move(ksq, pop_lsb(b));

-        if ((Type == QUIETS || Type == NON_EVASIONS) && pos.can_castle(Us & ANY_CASTLING))
-            for (CastlingRights cr : {Us & KING_SIDE, Us & QUEEN_SIDE})
-                if (!pos.castling_impeded(cr) && pos.can_castle(cr))
-                    *moveList++ = Move::make<CASTLING>(ksq, pos.castling_rook_square(cr));
-    }
+    if ((Type == QUIETS || Type == NON_EVASIONS) && pos.can_castle(Us & ANY_CASTLING))
+        for (CastlingRights cr : {Us & KING_SIDE, Us & QUEEN_SIDE})
+            if (!pos.castling_impeded(cr) && pos.can_castle(cr))
+                *moveList++ = Move::make<CASTLING>(ksq, pos.castling_rook_square(cr));

    return moveList;
 }
@@ -231,8 +210,6 @@ ExtMove* generate_all(const Position& pos, ExtMove* moveList) {
 // <QUIETS>       Generates all pseudo-legal non-captures and underpromotions
 // <EVASIONS>     Generates all pseudo-legal check evasions
 // <NON_EVASIONS> Generates all pseudo-legal captures and non-captures
-// <QUIET_CHECKS> Generates all pseudo-legal non-captures giving check,
-//                except castling and promotions
 //
 // Returns a pointer to the end of the move list.
 template<GenType Type>
@@ -251,7 +228,6 @@ ExtMove* generate(const Position& pos, ExtMove* moveList) {
 template ExtMove* generate<CAPTURES>(const Position&, ExtMove*);
 template ExtMove* generate<QUIETS>(const Position&, ExtMove*);
 template ExtMove* generate<EVASIONS>(const Position&, ExtMove*);
-template ExtMove* generate<QUIET_CHECKS>(const Position&, ExtMove*);
 template ExtMove* generate<NON_EVASIONS>(const Position&, ExtMove*);


@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ class Position;
 enum GenType {
    CAPTURES,
    QUIETS,
-    QUIET_CHECKS,
    EVASIONS,
    NON_EVASIONS,
    LEGAL
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -18,12 +18,11 @@

 #include "movepick.h"

-#include <algorithm>
 #include <cassert>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <utility>
+#include <limits>

 #include "bitboard.h"
+#include "misc.h"
 #include "position.h"

 namespace Stockfish {
@@ -35,7 +34,6 @@ enum Stages {
    MAIN_TT,
    CAPTURE_INIT,
    GOOD_CAPTURE,
-    REFUTATION,
    QUIET_INIT,
    GOOD_QUIET,
    BAD_CAPTURE,
@@ -54,13 +52,11 @@ enum Stages {
    // generate qsearch moves
    QSEARCH_TT,
    QCAPTURE_INIT,
-    QCAPTURE,
-    QCHECK_INIT,
-    QCHECK
+    QCAPTURE
 };

-// Sort moves in descending order up to and including
-// a given limit. The order of moves smaller than the limit is left unspecified.
+// Sort moves in descending order up to and including a given limit.
+// The order of moves smaller than the limit is left unspecified.
 void partial_insertion_sort(ExtMove* begin, ExtMove* end, int limit) {

    for (ExtMove *sortedEnd = begin, *p = begin + 1; p < end; ++p)
@@ -78,56 +74,38 @@ void partial_insertion_sort(ExtMove* begin, ExtMove* end, int limit) {


 // Constructors of the MovePicker class. As arguments, we pass information
-// to help it return the (presumably) good moves first, to decide which
-// moves to return (in the quiescence search, for instance, we only want to
-// search captures, promotions, and some checks) and how important a good
-// move ordering is at the current node.
+// to decide which class of moves to emit, to help sorting the (presumably)
+// good moves first, and how important move ordering is at the current node.

-// MovePicker constructor for the main search
+// MovePicker constructor for the main search and for the quiescence search
 MovePicker::MovePicker(const Position&              p,
                       Move                         ttm,
                       Depth                        d,
                       const ButterflyHistory*      mh,
+                       const LowPlyHistory*         lph,
                       const CapturePieceToHistory* cph,
                       const PieceToHistory**       ch,
                       const PawnHistory*           ph,
-                       Move                         cm,
-                       const Move*                  killers) :
+                       int                          pl) :
    pos(p),
    mainHistory(mh),
+    lowPlyHistory(lph),
    captureHistory(cph),
    continuationHistory(ch),
    pawnHistory(ph),
    ttMove(ttm),
-    refutations{{killers[0], 0}, {killers[1], 0}, {cm, 0}},
-    depth(d) {
-    assert(d > 0);
+    depth(d),
+    ply(pl) {

-    stage = (pos.checkers() ? EVASION_TT : MAIN_TT) + !(ttm && pos.pseudo_legal(ttm));
+    if (pos.checkers())
+        stage = EVASION_TT + !(ttm && pos.pseudo_legal(ttm));
+
+    else
+        stage = (depth > 0 ? MAIN_TT : QSEARCH_TT) + !(ttm && pos.pseudo_legal(ttm));
 }

-// Constructor for quiescence search
-MovePicker::MovePicker(const Position&              p,
-                       Move                         ttm,
-                       Depth                        d,
-                       const ButterflyHistory*      mh,
-                       const CapturePieceToHistory* cph,
-                       const PieceToHistory**       ch,
-                       const PawnHistory*           ph) :
-    pos(p),
-    mainHistory(mh),
-    captureHistory(cph),
-    continuationHistory(ch),
-    pawnHistory(ph),
-    ttMove(ttm),
-    depth(d) {
-    assert(d <= 0);
-
-    stage = (pos.checkers() ? EVASION_TT : QSEARCH_TT) + !(ttm && pos.pseudo_legal(ttm));
-}
-
-// Constructor for ProbCut: we generate captures with SEE greater
-// than or equal to the given threshold.
+// MovePicker constructor for ProbCut: we generate captures with Static Exchange
+// Evaluation (SEE) greater than or equal to the given threshold.
 MovePicker::MovePicker(const Position& p, Move ttm, int th, const CapturePieceToHistory* cph) :
    pos(p),
    captureHistory(cph),
@@ -139,9 +117,9 @@ MovePicker::MovePicker(const Position& p, Move ttm, int th, const CapturePieceTo
          + !(ttm && pos.capture_stage(ttm) && pos.pseudo_legal(ttm) && pos.see_ge(ttm, threshold));
 }

-// Assigns a numerical value to each move in a list, used
-// for sorting. Captures are ordered by Most Valuable Victim (MVV), preferring
-// captures with a good history. Quiets moves are ordered using the history tables.
+// Assigns a numerical value to each move in a list, used for sorting.
+// Captures are ordered by Most Valuable Victim (MVV), preferring captures
+// with a good history. Quiets moves are ordered using the history tables.
 template<GenType Type>
 void MovePicker::score() {

@@ -180,37 +158,36 @@ void MovePicker::score() {
            // histories
            m.value = 2 * (*mainHistory)[pos.side_to_move()][m.from_to()];
            m.value += 2 * (*pawnHistory)[pawn_structure_index(pos)][pc][to];
-            m.value += 2 * (*continuationHistory[0])[pc][to];
+            m.value += (*continuationHistory[0])[pc][to];
            m.value += (*continuationHistory[1])[pc][to];
-            m.value += (*continuationHistory[2])[pc][to] / 4;
+            m.value += (*continuationHistory[2])[pc][to];
            m.value += (*continuationHistory[3])[pc][to];
+            m.value += (*continuationHistory[4])[pc][to] / 3;
            m.value += (*continuationHistory[5])[pc][to];

            // bonus for checks
            m.value += bool(pos.check_squares(pt) & to) * 16384;

            // bonus for escaping from capture
-            m.value += threatenedPieces & from ? (pt == QUEEN && !(to & threatenedByRook)   ? 51000
-                                                  : pt == ROOK && !(to & threatenedByMinor) ? 24950
+            m.value += threatenedPieces & from ? (pt == QUEEN && !(to & threatenedByRook)   ? 51700
+                                                  : pt == ROOK && !(to & threatenedByMinor) ? 25600
                                                  : !(to & threatenedByPawn)                ? 14450
                                                                                            : 0)
                                               : 0;

            // malus for putting piece en prise
-            m.value -= !(threatenedPieces & from)
-                       ? (pt == QUEEN ? bool(to & threatenedByRook) * 48150
-                                          + bool(to & threatenedByMinor) * 10650
-                          : pt == ROOK ? bool(to & threatenedByMinor) * 24500
-                          : pt != PAWN ? bool(to & threatenedByPawn) * 14950
-                                       : 0)
-                       : 0;
+            m.value -= (pt == QUEEN ? bool(to & threatenedByRook) * 49000
+                        : pt == ROOK && bool(to & threatenedByMinor) ? 24335
+                                                                     : 0);
+
+            if (ply < LOW_PLY_HISTORY_SIZE)
+                m.value += 8 * (*lowPlyHistory)[ply][m.from_to()] / (1 + 2 * ply);
        }

        else  // Type == EVASIONS
        {
            if (pos.capture_stage(m))
-                m.value =
-                  PieceValue[pos.piece_on(m.to_sq())] - type_of(pos.moved_piece(m)) + (1 << 28);
+                m.value = PieceValue[pos.piece_on(m.to_sq())] + (1 << 28);
            else
                m.value = (*mainHistory)[pos.side_to_move()][m.from_to()]
                        + (*continuationHistory[0])[pos.moved_piece(m)][m.to_sq()]
@@ -219,29 +196,23 @@ void MovePicker::score() {
 }

 // Returns the next move satisfying a predicate function.
-// It never returns the TT move.
-template<MovePicker::PickType T, typename Pred>
+// This never returns the TT move, as it was emitted before.
+template<typename Pred>
 Move MovePicker::select(Pred filter) {

-    while (cur < endMoves)
-    {
-        if constexpr (T == Best)
-            std::swap(*cur, *std::max_element(cur, endMoves));
-
+    for (; cur < endMoves; ++cur)
        if (*cur != ttMove && filter())
            return *cur++;

-        cur++;
-    }
    return Move::none();
 }

-// Most important method of the MovePicker class. It
-// returns a new pseudo-legal move every time it is called until there are no more
-// moves left, picking the move with the highest score from a list of generated moves.
-Move MovePicker::next_move(bool skipQuiets) {
+// This is the most important method of the MovePicker class. We emit one
+// new pseudo-legal move on every call until there are no more moves left,
+// picking the move with the highest score from a list of generated moves.
+Move MovePicker::next_move() {

-    auto quiet_threshold = [](Depth d) { return -3550 * d; };
+    auto quiet_threshold = [](Depth d) { return -3560 * d; };

 top:
    switch (stage)
@@ -266,29 +237,13 @@ top:
        goto top;

    case GOOD_CAPTURE :
-        if (select<Next>([&]() {
+        if (select([&]() {
                // Move losing capture to endBadCaptures to be tried later
                return pos.see_ge(*cur, -cur->value / 18) ? true
                                                          : (*endBadCaptures++ = *cur, false);
            }))
            return *(cur - 1);

-        // Prepare the pointers to loop over the refutations array
-        cur      = std::begin(refutations);
-        endMoves = std::end(refutations);
-
-        // If the countermove is the same as a killer, skip it
-        if (refutations[0] == refutations[2] || refutations[1] == refutations[2])
-            --endMoves;
-
-        ++stage;
-        [[fallthrough]];
-
-    case REFUTATION :
-        if (select<Next>([&]() {
-                return *cur != Move::none() && !pos.capture_stage(*cur) && pos.pseudo_legal(*cur);
-            }))
-            return *(cur - 1);
        ++stage;
        [[fallthrough]];

@@ -306,11 +261,9 @@ top:
        [[fallthrough]];

    case GOOD_QUIET :
-        if (!skipQuiets && select<Next>([&]() {
-                return *cur != refutations[0] && *cur != refutations[1] && *cur != refutations[2];
-            }))
+        if (!skipQuiets && select([]() { return true; }))
        {
-            if ((cur - 1)->value > -8000 || (cur - 1)->value <= quiet_threshold(depth))
+            if ((cur - 1)->value > -7998 || (cur - 1)->value <= quiet_threshold(depth))
                return *(cur - 1);

            // Remaining quiets are bad
@@ -325,7 +278,7 @@ top:
        [[fallthrough]];

    case BAD_CAPTURE :
-        if (select<Next>([]() { return true; }))
+        if (select([]() { return true; }))
            return *(cur - 1);

        // Prepare the pointers to loop over the bad quiets
@@ -337,9 +290,7 @@ top:

    case BAD_QUIET :
        if (!skipQuiets)
-            return select<Next>([&]() {
-                return *cur != refutations[0] && *cur != refutations[1] && *cur != refutations[2];
-            });
+            return select([]() { return true; });

        return Move::none();

@@ -348,39 +299,22 @@ top:
        endMoves = generate<EVASIONS>(pos, cur);

        score<EVASIONS>();
+        partial_insertion_sort(cur, endMoves, std::numeric_limits<int>::min());
        ++stage;
        [[fallthrough]];

    case EVASION :
-        return select<Best>([]() { return true; });
+    case QCAPTURE :
+        return select([]() { return true; });

    case PROBCUT :
-        return select<Next>([&]() { return pos.see_ge(*cur, threshold); });
-
-    case QCAPTURE :
-        if (select<Next>([]() { return true; }))
-            return *(cur - 1);
-
-        // If we did not find any move and we do not try checks, we have finished
-        if (depth != DEPTH_QS_CHECKS)
-            return Move::none();
-
-        ++stage;
-        [[fallthrough]];
-
-    case QCHECK_INIT :
-        cur      = moves;
-        endMoves = generate<QUIET_CHECKS>(pos, cur);
-
-        ++stage;
-        [[fallthrough]];
-
-    case QCHECK :
-        return select<Next>([]() { return true; });
+        return select([&]() { return pos.see_ge(*cur, threshold); });
    }

    assert(false);
    return Move::none();  // Silence warning
 }

+void MovePicker::skip_quiet_moves() { skipQuiets = true; }
+
 }  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -19,141 +19,22 @@
 #ifndef MOVEPICK_H_INCLUDED
 #define MOVEPICK_H_INCLUDED

-#include <algorithm>
-#include <array>
-#include <cassert>
-#include <cmath>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <limits>
-#include <type_traits>  // IWYU pragma: keep
-
+#include "history.h"
 #include "movegen.h"
-#include "position.h"
 #include "types.h"

 namespace Stockfish {

-constexpr int PAWN_HISTORY_SIZE        = 512;    // has to be a power of 2
-constexpr int CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE  = 16384;  // has to be a power of 2
-constexpr int CORRECTION_HISTORY_LIMIT = 1024;
+class Position;

-static_assert((PAWN_HISTORY_SIZE & (PAWN_HISTORY_SIZE - 1)) == 0,
-              "PAWN_HISTORY_SIZE has to be a power of 2");
-
-static_assert((CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE & (CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE - 1)) == 0,
-              "CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE has to be a power of 2");
-
-enum PawnHistoryType {
-    Normal,
-    Correction
-};
-
-template<PawnHistoryType T = Normal>
-inline int pawn_structure_index(const Position& pos) {
-    return pos.pawn_key() & ((T == Normal ? PAWN_HISTORY_SIZE : CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE) - 1);
-}
-
-// StatsEntry stores the stat table value. It is usually a number but could
-// be a move or even a nested history. We use a class instead of a naked value
-// to directly call history update operator<<() on the entry so to use stats
-// tables at caller sites as simple multi-dim arrays.
-template<typename T, int D>
-class StatsEntry {
-
-    T entry;
-
-   public:
-    void operator=(const T& v) { entry = v; }
-    T*   operator&() { return &entry; }
-    T*   operator->() { return &entry; }
-    operator const T&() const { return entry; }
-
-    void operator<<(int bonus) {
-        static_assert(D <= std::numeric_limits<T>::max(), "D overflows T");
-
-        // Make sure that bonus is in range [-D, D]
-        int clampedBonus = std::clamp(bonus, -D, D);
-        entry += clampedBonus - entry * std::abs(clampedBonus) / D;
-
-        assert(std::abs(entry) <= D);
-    }
-};
-
-// Stats is a generic N-dimensional array used to store various statistics.
-// The first template parameter T is the base type of the array, and the second
-// template parameter D limits the range of updates in [-D, D] when we update
-// values with the << operator, while the last parameters (Size and Sizes)
-// encode the dimensions of the array.
-template<typename T, int D, int Size, int... Sizes>
-struct Stats: public std::array<Stats<T, D, Sizes...>, Size> {
-    using stats = Stats<T, D, Size, Sizes...>;
-
-    void fill(const T& v) {
-
-        // For standard-layout 'this' points to the first struct member
-        assert(std::is_standard_layout_v<stats>);
-
-        using entry = StatsEntry<T, D>;
-        entry* p    = reinterpret_cast<entry*>(this);
-        std::fill(p, p + sizeof(*this) / sizeof(entry), v);
-    }
-};
-
-template<typename T, int D, int Size>
-struct Stats<T, D, Size>: public std::array<StatsEntry<T, D>, Size> {};
-
-// In stats table, D=0 means that the template parameter is not used
-enum StatsParams {
-    NOT_USED = 0
-};
-enum StatsType {
-    NoCaptures,
-    Captures
-};
-
-// ButterflyHistory records how often quiet moves have been successful or unsuccessful
-// during the current search, and is used for reduction and move ordering decisions.
-// It uses 2 tables (one for each color) indexed by the move's from and to squares,
-// see www.chessprogramming.org/Butterfly_Boards (~11 elo)
-using ButterflyHistory = Stats<int16_t, 7183, COLOR_NB, int(SQUARE_NB) * int(SQUARE_NB)>;
-
-// CounterMoveHistory stores counter moves indexed by [piece][to] of the previous
-// move, see www.chessprogramming.org/Countermove_Heuristic
-using CounterMoveHistory = Stats<Move, NOT_USED, PIECE_NB, SQUARE_NB>;
-
-// CapturePieceToHistory is addressed by a move's [piece][to][captured piece type]
-using CapturePieceToHistory = Stats<int16_t, 10692, PIECE_NB, SQUARE_NB, PIECE_TYPE_NB>;
-
-// PieceToHistory is like ButterflyHistory but is addressed by a move's [piece][to]
-using PieceToHistory = Stats<int16_t, 29952, PIECE_NB, SQUARE_NB>;
-
-// ContinuationHistory is the combined history of a given pair of moves, usually
-// the current one given a previous one. The nested history table is based on
-// PieceToHistory instead of ButterflyBoards.
-// (~63 elo)
-using ContinuationHistory = Stats<PieceToHistory, NOT_USED, PIECE_NB, SQUARE_NB>;
-
-// PawnHistory is addressed by the pawn structure and a move's [piece][to]
-using PawnHistory = Stats<int16_t, 8192, PAWN_HISTORY_SIZE, PIECE_NB, SQUARE_NB>;
-
-// CorrectionHistory is addressed by color and pawn structure
-using CorrectionHistory =
-  Stats<int16_t, CORRECTION_HISTORY_LIMIT, COLOR_NB, CORRECTION_HISTORY_SIZE>;
-
-// MovePicker class is used to pick one pseudo-legal move at a time from the
-// current position. The most important method is next_move(), which returns a
-// new pseudo-legal move each time it is called, until there are no moves left,
-// when Move::none() is returned. In order to improve the efficiency of the
-// alpha-beta algorithm, MovePicker attempts to return the moves which are most
-// likely to get a cut-off first.
+// The MovePicker class is used to pick one pseudo-legal move at a time from the
+// current position. The most important method is next_move(), which emits one
+// new pseudo-legal move on every call, until there are no moves left, when
+// Move::none() is returned. In order to improve the efficiency of the alpha-beta
+// algorithm, MovePicker attempts to return the moves which are most likely to get
+// a cut-off first.
 class MovePicker {

-    enum PickType {
-        Next,
-        Best
-    };
-
   public:
    MovePicker(const MovePicker&)            = delete;
    MovePicker& operator=(const MovePicker&) = delete;
@@ -161,23 +42,17 @@ class MovePicker {
               Move,
               Depth,
               const ButterflyHistory*,
+               const LowPlyHistory*,
               const CapturePieceToHistory*,
               const PieceToHistory**,
               const PawnHistory*,
-               Move,
-               const Move*);
-    MovePicker(const Position&,
-               Move,
-               Depth,
-               const ButterflyHistory*,
-               const CapturePieceToHistory*,
-               const PieceToHistory**,
-               const PawnHistory*);
+               int);
    MovePicker(const Position&, Move, int, const CapturePieceToHistory*);
-    Move next_move(bool skipQuiets = false);
+    Move next_move();
+    void skip_quiet_moves();

   private:
-    template<PickType T, typename Pred>
+    template<typename Pred>
    Move select(Pred);
    template<GenType>
    void     score();
@@ -186,15 +61,18 @@ class MovePicker {

    const Position&              pos;
    const ButterflyHistory*      mainHistory;
+    const LowPlyHistory*         lowPlyHistory;
    const CapturePieceToHistory* captureHistory;
    const PieceToHistory**       continuationHistory;
    const PawnHistory*           pawnHistory;
    Move                         ttMove;
-    ExtMove refutations[3], *cur, *endMoves, *endBadCaptures, *beginBadQuiets, *endBadQuiets;
-    int     stage;
-    int     threshold;
-    Depth   depth;
-    ExtMove moves[MAX_MOVES];
+    ExtMove *                    cur, *endMoves, *endBadCaptures, *beginBadQuiets, *endBadQuiets;
+    int                          stage;
+    int                          threshold;
+    Depth                        depth;
+    int                          ply;
+    bool                         skipQuiets = false;
+    ExtMove                      moves[MAX_MOVES];
 };

 }  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include "../../bitboard.h"
 #include "../../position.h"
 #include "../../types.h"
-#include "../nnue_common.h"
+#include "../nnue_accumulator.h"

 namespace Stockfish::Eval::NNUE::Features {

@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ void HalfKAv2_hm::append_active_indices(const Position& pos, IndexList& active)
 // Explicit template instantiations
 template void HalfKAv2_hm::append_active_indices<WHITE>(const Position& pos, IndexList& active);
 template void HalfKAv2_hm::append_active_indices<BLACK>(const Position& pos, IndexList& active);
+template IndexType HalfKAv2_hm::make_index<WHITE>(Square s, Piece pc, Square ksq);
+template IndexType HalfKAv2_hm::make_index<BLACK>(Square s, Piece pc, Square ksq);

 // Get a list of indices for recently changed features
 template<Color Perspective>
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -63,10 +63,6 @@ class HalfKAv2_hm {
      {PS_NONE, PS_B_PAWN, PS_B_KNIGHT, PS_B_BISHOP, PS_B_ROOK, PS_B_QUEEN, PS_KING, PS_NONE,
       PS_NONE, PS_W_PAWN, PS_W_KNIGHT, PS_W_BISHOP, PS_W_ROOK, PS_W_QUEEN, PS_KING, PS_NONE}};

-    // Index of a feature for a given king position and another piece on some square
-    template<Color Perspective>
-    static IndexType make_index(Square s, Piece pc, Square ksq);
-
   public:
    // Feature name
    static constexpr const char* Name = "HalfKAv2_hm(Friend)";
@@ -126,6 +122,10 @@ class HalfKAv2_hm {
    static constexpr IndexType MaxActiveDimensions = 32;
    using IndexList                                = ValueList<IndexType, MaxActiveDimensions>;

+    // Index of a feature for a given king position and another piece on some square
+    template<Color Perspective>
+    static IndexType make_index(Square s, Piece pc, Square ksq);
+
    // Get a list of indices for active features
    template<Color Perspective>
    static void append_active_indices(const Position& pos, IndexList& active);
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -39,25 +39,26 @@

 namespace Stockfish::Eval::NNUE::Layers {

+#if defined(USE_SSSE3) || defined(USE_NEON_DOTPROD)
+    #define ENABLE_SEQ_OPT
+#endif
+
 // Fallback implementation for older/other architectures.
 // Requires the input to be padded to at least 16 values.
-#if !defined(USE_SSSE3)
+#ifndef ENABLE_SEQ_OPT
+
 template<IndexType InputDimensions, IndexType PaddedInputDimensions, IndexType OutputDimensions>
 static void affine_transform_non_ssse3(std::int32_t*       output,
                                       const std::int8_t*  weights,
                                       const std::int32_t* biases,
                                       const std::uint8_t* input) {
-    #if defined(USE_SSE2) || defined(USE_NEON_DOTPROD) || defined(USE_NEON)
+    #if defined(USE_SSE2) || defined(USE_NEON)
        #if defined(USE_SSE2)
    // At least a multiple of 16, with SSE2.
    constexpr IndexType NumChunks   = ceil_to_multiple<IndexType>(InputDimensions, 16) / 16;
    const __m128i       Zeros       = _mm_setzero_si128();
    const auto          inputVector = reinterpret_cast<const __m128i*>(input);

-        #elif defined(USE_NEON_DOTPROD)
-    constexpr IndexType NumChunks   = ceil_to_multiple<IndexType>(InputDimensions, 16) / 16;
-    const auto          inputVector = reinterpret_cast<const int8x16_t*>(input);
-
        #elif defined(USE_NEON)
    constexpr IndexType NumChunks   = ceil_to_multiple<IndexType>(InputDimensions, 16) / 16;
    const auto          inputVector = reinterpret_cast<const int8x8_t*>(input);
@@ -91,16 +92,8 @@ static void affine_transform_non_ssse3(std::int32_t*       output,
        sum                   = _mm_add_epi32(sum, sum_second_32);
        output[i]             = _mm_cvtsi128_si32(sum);

-        #elif defined(USE_NEON_DOTPROD)
-        int32x4_t  sum = {biases[i]};
-        const auto row = reinterpret_cast<const int8x16_t*>(&weights[offset]);
-        for (IndexType j = 0; j < NumChunks; ++j)
-        {
-            sum = vdotq_s32(sum, inputVector[j], row[j]);
-        }
-        output[i] = vaddvq_s32(sum);
-
        #elif defined(USE_NEON)
+
        int32x4_t  sum = {biases[i]};
        const auto row = reinterpret_cast<const int8x8_t*>(&weights[offset]);
        for (IndexType j = 0; j < NumChunks; ++j)
@@ -127,7 +120,8 @@ static void affine_transform_non_ssse3(std::int32_t*       output,
        }
    #endif
 }
-#endif
+
+#endif  // !ENABLE_SEQ_OPT

 template<IndexType InDims, IndexType OutDims>
 class AffineTransform {
@@ -162,7 +156,7 @@ class AffineTransform {
    }

    static constexpr IndexType get_weight_index(IndexType i) {
-#if defined(USE_SSSE3)
+#ifdef ENABLE_SEQ_OPT
        return get_weight_index_scrambled(i);
 #else
        return i;
@@ -190,29 +184,28 @@ class AffineTransform {
    // Forward propagation
    void propagate(const InputType* input, OutputType* output) const {

-#if defined(USE_SSSE3)
+#ifdef ENABLE_SEQ_OPT

        if constexpr (OutputDimensions > 1)
        {
-
    #if defined(USE_AVX512)
            using vec_t = __m512i;
-        #define vec_setzero _mm512_setzero_si512
        #define vec_set_32 _mm512_set1_epi32
        #define vec_add_dpbusd_32 Simd::m512_add_dpbusd_epi32
-        #define vec_hadd Simd::m512_hadd
    #elif defined(USE_AVX2)
            using vec_t = __m256i;
-        #define vec_setzero _mm256_setzero_si256
        #define vec_set_32 _mm256_set1_epi32
        #define vec_add_dpbusd_32 Simd::m256_add_dpbusd_epi32
-        #define vec_hadd Simd::m256_hadd
    #elif defined(USE_SSSE3)
            using vec_t = __m128i;
-        #define vec_setzero _mm_setzero_si128
        #define vec_set_32 _mm_set1_epi32
        #define vec_add_dpbusd_32 Simd::m128_add_dpbusd_epi32
-        #define vec_hadd Simd::m128_hadd
+    #elif defined(USE_NEON_DOTPROD)
+            using vec_t = int32x4_t;
+        #define vec_set_32 vdupq_n_s32
+        #define vec_add_dpbusd_32(acc, a, b) \
+            Simd::dotprod_m128_add_dpbusd_epi32(acc, vreinterpretq_s8_s32(a), \
+                                                vreinterpretq_s8_s32(b))
    #endif

            static constexpr IndexType OutputSimdWidth = sizeof(vec_t) / sizeof(OutputType);
@@ -242,28 +235,33 @@ class AffineTransform {
            for (IndexType k = 0; k < NumRegs; ++k)
                outptr[k] = acc[k];

-    #undef vec_setzero
    #undef vec_set_32
    #undef vec_add_dpbusd_32
-    #undef vec_hadd
        }
        else if constexpr (OutputDimensions == 1)
        {
-
    // We cannot use AVX512 for the last layer because there are only 32 inputs
    // and the buffer is not padded to 64 elements.
    #if defined(USE_AVX2)
            using vec_t = __m256i;
-        #define vec_setzero _mm256_setzero_si256
+        #define vec_setzero() _mm256_setzero_si256()
        #define vec_set_32 _mm256_set1_epi32
        #define vec_add_dpbusd_32 Simd::m256_add_dpbusd_epi32
        #define vec_hadd Simd::m256_hadd
    #elif defined(USE_SSSE3)
            using vec_t = __m128i;
-        #define vec_setzero _mm_setzero_si128
+        #define vec_setzero() _mm_setzero_si128()
        #define vec_set_32 _mm_set1_epi32
        #define vec_add_dpbusd_32 Simd::m128_add_dpbusd_epi32
        #define vec_hadd Simd::m128_hadd
+    #elif defined(USE_NEON_DOTPROD)
+            using vec_t = int32x4_t;
+        #define vec_setzero() vdupq_n_s32(0)
+        #define vec_set_32 vdupq_n_s32
+        #define vec_add_dpbusd_32(acc, a, b) \
+            Simd::dotprod_m128_add_dpbusd_epi32(acc, vreinterpretq_s8_s32(a), \
+                                                vreinterpretq_s8_s32(b))
+        #define vec_hadd Simd::neon_m128_hadd
    #endif

            const auto inputVector = reinterpret_cast<const vec_t*>(input);
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -38,17 +38,41 @@
 namespace Stockfish::Eval::NNUE::Layers {

 #if (USE_SSSE3 | (USE_NEON >= 8))
-alignas(CacheLineSize) static inline const
-  std::array<std::array<std::uint16_t, 8>, 256> lookup_indices = []() {
-      std::array<std::array<std::uint16_t, 8>, 256> v{};
-      for (unsigned i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
-      {
-          std::uint64_t j = i, k = 0;
-          while (j)
-              v[i][k++] = pop_lsb(j);
-      }
-      return v;
-  }();
+static constexpr int lsb_index64[64] = {
+  0,  47, 1,  56, 48, 27, 2,  60, 57, 49, 41, 37, 28, 16, 3,  61, 54, 58, 35, 52, 50, 42,
+  21, 44, 38, 32, 29, 23, 17, 11, 4,  62, 46, 55, 26, 59, 40, 36, 15, 53, 34, 51, 20, 43,
+  31, 22, 10, 45, 25, 39, 14, 33, 19, 30, 9,  24, 13, 18, 8,  12, 7,  6,  5,  63};
+
+constexpr int constexpr_lsb(uint64_t bb) {
+    assert(bb != 0);
+    constexpr uint64_t debruijn64 = 0x03F79D71B4CB0A89ULL;
+    return lsb_index64[((bb ^ (bb - 1)) * debruijn64) >> 58];
+}
+
+alignas(CacheLineSize) static constexpr struct OffsetIndices {
+
+    #if (USE_SSE41)
+    std::uint8_t offset_indices[256][8];
+    #else
+    std::uint16_t offset_indices[256][8];
+    #endif
+
+    constexpr OffsetIndices() :
+        offset_indices() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
+        {
+            std::uint64_t j = i, k = 0;
+            while (j)
+            {
+                offset_indices[i][k++] = constexpr_lsb(j);
+                j &= j - 1;
+            }
+            while (k < 8)
+                offset_indices[i][k++] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+} Lookup;

 // Find indices of nonzero numbers in an int32_t array
 template<const IndexType InputDimensions>
@@ -74,7 +98,11 @@ void find_nnz(const std::int32_t* input, std::uint16_t* out, IndexType& count_ou
    using vec128_t = __m128i;
        #define vec128_zero _mm_setzero_si128()
        #define vec128_set_16(a) _mm_set1_epi16(a)
-        #define vec128_load(a) _mm_load_si128(a)
+        #if (USE_SSE41)
+            #define vec128_load(a) _mm_cvtepu8_epi16(_mm_loadl_epi64(a))
+        #else
+            #define vec128_load(a) _mm_load_si128(a)
+        #endif
        #define vec128_storeu(a, b) _mm_storeu_si128(a, b)
        #define vec128_add(a, b) _mm_add_epi16(a, b)
    #elif defined(USE_NEON)
@@ -110,9 +138,9 @@ void find_nnz(const std::int32_t* input, std::uint16_t* out, IndexType& count_ou
        }
        for (IndexType j = 0; j < OutputsPerChunk; ++j)
        {
-            const auto lookup = (nnz >> (j * 8)) & 0xFF;
-            const auto offsets =
-              vec128_load(reinterpret_cast<const vec128_t*>(&lookup_indices[lookup]));
+            const unsigned lookup = (nnz >> (j * 8)) & 0xFF;
+            const vec128_t offsets =
+              vec128_load(reinterpret_cast<const vec128_t*>(&Lookup.offset_indices[lookup]));
            vec128_storeu(reinterpret_cast<vec128_t*>(out + count), vec128_add(base, offsets));
            count += popcount(lookup);
            base = vec128_add(base, increment);
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -65,41 +65,37 @@ class ClippedReLU {
        if constexpr (InputDimensions % SimdWidth == 0)
        {
            constexpr IndexType NumChunks = InputDimensions / SimdWidth;
-            const __m256i       Zero      = _mm256_setzero_si256();
            const __m256i       Offsets   = _mm256_set_epi32(7, 3, 6, 2, 5, 1, 4, 0);
            const auto          in        = reinterpret_cast<const __m256i*>(input);
            const auto          out       = reinterpret_cast<__m256i*>(output);
            for (IndexType i = 0; i < NumChunks; ++i)
            {
                const __m256i words0 =
-                  _mm256_srai_epi16(_mm256_packs_epi32(_mm256_load_si256(&in[i * 4 + 0]),
-                                                       _mm256_load_si256(&in[i * 4 + 1])),
+                  _mm256_srli_epi16(_mm256_packus_epi32(_mm256_load_si256(&in[i * 4 + 0]),
+                                                        _mm256_load_si256(&in[i * 4 + 1])),
                                    WeightScaleBits);
                const __m256i words1 =
-                  _mm256_srai_epi16(_mm256_packs_epi32(_mm256_load_si256(&in[i * 4 + 2]),
-                                                       _mm256_load_si256(&in[i * 4 + 3])),
+                  _mm256_srli_epi16(_mm256_packus_epi32(_mm256_load_si256(&in[i * 4 + 2]),
+                                                        _mm256_load_si256(&in[i * 4 + 3])),
                                    WeightScaleBits);
-                _mm256_store_si256(
-                  &out[i], _mm256_permutevar8x32_epi32(
-                             _mm256_max_epi8(_mm256_packs_epi16(words0, words1), Zero), Offsets));
+                _mm256_store_si256(&out[i], _mm256_permutevar8x32_epi32(
+                                              _mm256_packs_epi16(words0, words1), Offsets));
            }
        }
        else
        {
            constexpr IndexType NumChunks = InputDimensions / (SimdWidth / 2);
-            const __m128i       Zero      = _mm_setzero_si128();
            const auto          in        = reinterpret_cast<const __m128i*>(input);
            const auto          out       = reinterpret_cast<__m128i*>(output);
            for (IndexType i = 0; i < NumChunks; ++i)
            {
-                const __m128i words0 = _mm_srai_epi16(
-                  _mm_packs_epi32(_mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 0]), _mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 1])),
+                const __m128i words0 = _mm_srli_epi16(
+                  _mm_packus_epi32(_mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 0]), _mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 1])),
                  WeightScaleBits);
-                const __m128i words1 = _mm_srai_epi16(
-                  _mm_packs_epi32(_mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 2]), _mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 3])),
+                const __m128i words1 = _mm_srli_epi16(
+                  _mm_packus_epi32(_mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 2]), _mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 3])),
                  WeightScaleBits);
-                const __m128i packedbytes = _mm_packs_epi16(words0, words1);
-                _mm_store_si128(&out[i], _mm_max_epi8(packedbytes, Zero));
+                _mm_store_si128(&out[i], _mm_packs_epi16(words0, words1));
            }
        }
        constexpr IndexType Start = InputDimensions % SimdWidth == 0
@@ -109,9 +105,7 @@ class ClippedReLU {
 #elif defined(USE_SSE2)
        constexpr IndexType NumChunks = InputDimensions / SimdWidth;

-    #ifdef USE_SSE41
-        const __m128i Zero = _mm_setzero_si128();
-    #else
+    #ifndef USE_SSE41
        const __m128i k0x80s = _mm_set1_epi8(-128);
    #endif

@@ -119,6 +113,15 @@ class ClippedReLU {
        const auto out = reinterpret_cast<__m128i*>(output);
        for (IndexType i = 0; i < NumChunks; ++i)
        {
+    #if defined(USE_SSE41)
+            const __m128i words0 = _mm_srli_epi16(
+              _mm_packus_epi32(_mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 0]), _mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 1])),
+              WeightScaleBits);
+            const __m128i words1 = _mm_srli_epi16(
+              _mm_packus_epi32(_mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 2]), _mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 3])),
+              WeightScaleBits);
+            _mm_store_si128(&out[i], _mm_packs_epi16(words0, words1));
+    #else
            const __m128i words0 = _mm_srai_epi16(
              _mm_packs_epi32(_mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 0]), _mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 1])),
              WeightScaleBits);
@@ -126,15 +129,8 @@ class ClippedReLU {
              _mm_packs_epi32(_mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 2]), _mm_load_si128(&in[i * 4 + 3])),
              WeightScaleBits);
            const __m128i packedbytes = _mm_packs_epi16(words0, words1);
-            _mm_store_si128(&out[i],
-
-    #ifdef USE_SSE41
-                            _mm_max_epi8(packedbytes, Zero)
-    #else
-                            _mm_subs_epi8(_mm_adds_epi8(packedbytes, k0x80s), k0x80s)
+            _mm_store_si128(&out[i], _mm_subs_epi8(_mm_adds_epi8(packedbytes, k0x80s), k0x80s));
    #endif
-
-            );
        }
        constexpr IndexType Start = NumChunks * SimdWidth;

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -43,39 +43,6 @@ namespace Stockfish::Simd {
    return _mm512_reduce_add_epi32(sum) + bias;
 }

-/*
-      Parameters:
-        sum0 = [zmm0.i128[0], zmm0.i128[1], zmm0.i128[2], zmm0.i128[3]]
-        sum1 = [zmm1.i128[0], zmm1.i128[1], zmm1.i128[2], zmm1.i128[3]]
-        sum2 = [zmm2.i128[0], zmm2.i128[1], zmm2.i128[2], zmm2.i128[3]]
-        sum3 = [zmm3.i128[0], zmm3.i128[1], zmm3.i128[2], zmm3.i128[3]]
-
-      Returns:
-        ret = [
-          reduce_add_epi32(zmm0.i128[0]), reduce_add_epi32(zmm1.i128[0]), reduce_add_epi32(zmm2.i128[0]), reduce_add_epi32(zmm3.i128[0]),
-          reduce_add_epi32(zmm0.i128[1]), reduce_add_epi32(zmm1.i128[1]), reduce_add_epi32(zmm2.i128[1]), reduce_add_epi32(zmm3.i128[1]),
-          reduce_add_epi32(zmm0.i128[2]), reduce_add_epi32(zmm1.i128[2]), reduce_add_epi32(zmm2.i128[2]), reduce_add_epi32(zmm3.i128[2]),
-          reduce_add_epi32(zmm0.i128[3]), reduce_add_epi32(zmm1.i128[3]), reduce_add_epi32(zmm2.i128[3]), reduce_add_epi32(zmm3.i128[3])
-        ]
-    */
-[[maybe_unused]] static __m512i
-m512_hadd128x16_interleave(__m512i sum0, __m512i sum1, __m512i sum2, __m512i sum3) {
-
-    __m512i sum01a = _mm512_unpacklo_epi32(sum0, sum1);
-    __m512i sum01b = _mm512_unpackhi_epi32(sum0, sum1);
-
-    __m512i sum23a = _mm512_unpacklo_epi32(sum2, sum3);
-    __m512i sum23b = _mm512_unpackhi_epi32(sum2, sum3);
-
-    __m512i sum01 = _mm512_add_epi32(sum01a, sum01b);
-    __m512i sum23 = _mm512_add_epi32(sum23a, sum23b);
-
-    __m512i sum0123a = _mm512_unpacklo_epi64(sum01, sum23);
-    __m512i sum0123b = _mm512_unpackhi_epi64(sum01, sum23);
-
-    return _mm512_add_epi32(sum0123a, sum0123b);
-}
-
 [[maybe_unused]] static void m512_add_dpbusd_epi32(__m512i& acc, __m512i a, __m512i b) {

    #if defined(USE_VNNI)
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -18,17 +18,19 @@

 #include "network.h"

-#include <cmath>
 #include <cstdlib>
-#include <cstring>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <vector>

-#include "../evaluate.h"
+#define INCBIN_SILENCE_BITCODE_WARNING
 #include "../incbin/incbin.h"
+
+#include "../evaluate.h"
+#include "../memory.h"
 #include "../misc.h"
 #include "../position.h"
 #include "../types.h"
@@ -36,7 +38,6 @@
 #include "nnue_common.h"
 #include "nnue_misc.h"

-namespace {
 // Macro to embed the default efficiently updatable neural network (NNUE) file
 // data in the engine binary (using incbin.h, by Dale Weiler).
 // This macro invocation will declare the following three variables
@@ -56,6 +57,8 @@ const unsigned char* const gEmbeddedNNUESmallEnd     = &gEmbeddedNNUESmallData[1
 const unsigned int         gEmbeddedNNUESmallSize    = 1;
 #endif

+namespace {
+
 struct EmbeddedNNUE {
    EmbeddedNNUE(const unsigned char* embeddedData,
                 const unsigned char* embeddedEnd,
@@ -85,23 +88,6 @@ namespace Stockfish::Eval::NNUE {

 namespace Detail {

-// Initialize the evaluation function parameters
-template<typename T>
-void initialize(AlignedPtr<T>& pointer) {
-
-    pointer.reset(reinterpret_cast<T*>(std_aligned_alloc(alignof(T), sizeof(T))));
-    std::memset(pointer.get(), 0, sizeof(T));
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-void initialize(LargePagePtr<T>& pointer) {
-
-    static_assert(alignof(T) <= 4096,
-                  "aligned_large_pages_alloc() may fail for such a big alignment requirement of T");
-    pointer.reset(reinterpret_cast<T*>(aligned_large_pages_alloc(sizeof(T))));
-    std::memset(pointer.get(), 0, sizeof(T));
-}
-
 // Read evaluation function parameters
 template<typename T>
 bool read_parameters(std::istream& stream, T& reference) {
@@ -115,7 +101,7 @@ bool read_parameters(std::istream& stream, T& reference) {

 // Write evaluation function parameters
 template<typename T>
-bool write_parameters(std::ostream& stream, const T& reference) {
+bool write_parameters(std::ostream& stream, T& reference) {

    write_little_endian<std::uint32_t>(stream, T::get_hash_value());
    return reference.write_parameters(stream);
@@ -123,6 +109,42 @@ bool write_parameters(std::ostream& stream, const T& reference) {

 }  // namespace Detail

+template<typename Arch, typename Transformer>
+Network<Arch, Transformer>::Network(const Network<Arch, Transformer>& other) :
+    evalFile(other.evalFile),
+    embeddedType(other.embeddedType) {
+
+    if (other.featureTransformer)
+        featureTransformer = make_unique_large_page<Transformer>(*other.featureTransformer);
+
+    network = make_unique_aligned<Arch[]>(LayerStacks);
+
+    if (!other.network)
+        return;
+
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < LayerStacks; ++i)
+        network[i] = other.network[i];
+}
+
+template<typename Arch, typename Transformer>
+Network<Arch, Transformer>&
+Network<Arch, Transformer>::operator=(const Network<Arch, Transformer>& other) {
+    evalFile     = other.evalFile;
+    embeddedType = other.embeddedType;
+
+    if (other.featureTransformer)
+        featureTransformer = make_unique_large_page<Transformer>(*other.featureTransformer);
+
+    network = make_unique_aligned<Arch[]>(LayerStacks);
+
+    if (!other.network)
+        return *this;
+
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < LayerStacks; ++i)
+        network[i] = other.network[i];
+
+    return *this;
+}

 template<typename Arch, typename Transformer>
 void Network<Arch, Transformer>::load(const std::string& rootDirectory, std::string evalfilePath) {
@@ -186,95 +208,99 @@ bool Network<Arch, Transformer>::save(const std::optional<std::string>& filename


 template<typename Arch, typename Transformer>
-Value Network<Arch, Transformer>::evaluate(const Position& pos,
-                                           bool            adjusted,
-                                           int*            complexity,
-                                           bool            psqtOnly) const {
+NetworkOutput
+Network<Arch, Transformer>::evaluate(const Position&                         pos,
+                                     AccumulatorCaches::Cache<FTDimensions>* cache) const {
    // We manually align the arrays on the stack because with gcc < 9.3
    // overaligning stack variables with alignas() doesn't work correctly.

    constexpr uint64_t alignment = CacheLineSize;
-    constexpr int      delta     = 24;

 #if defined(ALIGNAS_ON_STACK_VARIABLES_BROKEN)
-    TransformedFeatureType transformedFeaturesUnaligned
-      [FeatureTransformer<Arch::TransformedFeatureDimensions, nullptr>::BufferSize
-       + alignment / sizeof(TransformedFeatureType)];
+    TransformedFeatureType
+      transformedFeaturesUnaligned[FeatureTransformer<FTDimensions, nullptr>::BufferSize
+                                   + alignment / sizeof(TransformedFeatureType)];

    auto* transformedFeatures = align_ptr_up<alignment>(&transformedFeaturesUnaligned[0]);
 #else
-    alignas(alignment) TransformedFeatureType transformedFeatures
-      [FeatureTransformer<Arch::TransformedFeatureDimensions, nullptr>::BufferSize];
+    alignas(alignment) TransformedFeatureType
+      transformedFeatures[FeatureTransformer<FTDimensions, nullptr>::BufferSize];
 #endif

    ASSERT_ALIGNED(transformedFeatures, alignment);

-    const int  bucket = (pos.count<ALL_PIECES>() - 1) / 4;
-    const auto psqt   = featureTransformer->transform(pos, transformedFeatures, bucket, psqtOnly);
-    const auto positional = !psqtOnly ? (network[bucket]->propagate(transformedFeatures)) : 0;
-
-    if (complexity)
-        *complexity = !psqtOnly ? std::abs(psqt - positional) / OutputScale : 0;
-
-    // Give more value to positional evaluation when adjusted flag is set
-    if (adjusted)
-        return static_cast<Value>(((1024 - delta) * psqt + (1024 + delta) * positional)
-                                  / (1024 * OutputScale));
-    else
-        return static_cast<Value>((psqt + positional) / OutputScale);
+    const int  bucket     = (pos.count<ALL_PIECES>() - 1) / 4;
+    const auto psqt       = featureTransformer->transform(pos, cache, transformedFeatures, bucket);
+    const auto positional = network[bucket].propagate(transformedFeatures);
+    return {static_cast<Value>(psqt / OutputScale), static_cast<Value>(positional / OutputScale)};
 }


 template<typename Arch, typename Transformer>
-void Network<Arch, Transformer>::verify(std::string evalfilePath) const {
+void Network<Arch, Transformer>::verify(std::string                                  evalfilePath,
+                                        const std::function<void(std::string_view)>& f) const {
    if (evalfilePath.empty())
        evalfilePath = evalFile.defaultName;

    if (evalFile.current != evalfilePath)
    {
-        std::string msg1 =
-          "Network evaluation parameters compatible with the engine must be available.";
-        std::string msg2 = "The network file " + evalfilePath + " was not loaded successfully.";
-        std::string msg3 = "The UCI option EvalFile might need to specify the full path, "
-                           "including the directory name, to the network file.";
-        std::string msg4 = "The default net can be downloaded from: "
-                           "https://tests.stockfishchess.org/api/nn/"
-                         + evalFile.defaultName;
-        std::string msg5 = "The engine will be terminated now.";
+        if (f)
+        {
+            std::string msg1 =
+              "Network evaluation parameters compatible with the engine must be available.";
+            std::string msg2 = "The network file " + evalfilePath + " was not loaded successfully.";
+            std::string msg3 = "The UCI option EvalFile might need to specify the full path, "
+                               "including the directory name, to the network file.";
+            std::string msg4 = "The default net can be downloaded from: "
+                               "https://tests.stockfishchess.org/api/nn/"
+                             + evalFile.defaultName;
+            std::string msg5 = "The engine will be terminated now.";
+
+            std::string msg = "ERROR: " + msg1 + '\n' + "ERROR: " + msg2 + '\n' + "ERROR: " + msg3
+                            + '\n' + "ERROR: " + msg4 + '\n' + "ERROR: " + msg5 + '\n';
+
+            f(msg);
+        }

-        sync_cout << "info string ERROR: " << msg1 << sync_endl;
-        sync_cout << "info string ERROR: " << msg2 << sync_endl;
-        sync_cout << "info string ERROR: " << msg3 << sync_endl;
-        sync_cout << "info string ERROR: " << msg4 << sync_endl;
-        sync_cout << "info string ERROR: " << msg5 << sync_endl;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

-    sync_cout << "info string NNUE evaluation using " << evalfilePath << sync_endl;
+    if (f)
+    {
+        size_t size = sizeof(*featureTransformer) + sizeof(Arch) * LayerStacks;
+        f("info string NNUE evaluation using " + evalfilePath + " ("
+          + std::to_string(size / (1024 * 1024)) + "MiB, ("
+          + std::to_string(featureTransformer->InputDimensions) + ", "
+          + std::to_string(network[0].TransformedFeatureDimensions) + ", "
+          + std::to_string(network[0].FC_0_OUTPUTS) + ", " + std::to_string(network[0].FC_1_OUTPUTS)
+          + ", 1))");
+    }
 }


 template<typename Arch, typename Transformer>
-void Network<Arch, Transformer>::hint_common_access(const Position& pos, bool psqtOnl) const {
-    featureTransformer->hint_common_access(pos, psqtOnl);
+void Network<Arch, Transformer>::hint_common_access(
+  const Position& pos, AccumulatorCaches::Cache<FTDimensions>* cache) const {
+    featureTransformer->hint_common_access(pos, cache);
 }

-
 template<typename Arch, typename Transformer>
-NnueEvalTrace Network<Arch, Transformer>::trace_evaluate(const Position& pos) const {
+NnueEvalTrace
+Network<Arch, Transformer>::trace_evaluate(const Position&                         pos,
+                                           AccumulatorCaches::Cache<FTDimensions>* cache) const {
    // We manually align the arrays on the stack because with gcc < 9.3
    // overaligning stack variables with alignas() doesn't work correctly.
    constexpr uint64_t alignment = CacheLineSize;

 #if defined(ALIGNAS_ON_STACK_VARIABLES_BROKEN)
-    TransformedFeatureType transformedFeaturesUnaligned
-      [FeatureTransformer<Arch::TransformedFeatureDimensions, nullptr>::BufferSize
-       + alignment / sizeof(TransformedFeatureType)];
+    TransformedFeatureType
+      transformedFeaturesUnaligned[FeatureTransformer<FTDimensions, nullptr>::BufferSize
+                                   + alignment / sizeof(TransformedFeatureType)];

    auto* transformedFeatures = align_ptr_up<alignment>(&transformedFeaturesUnaligned[0]);
 #else
-    alignas(alignment) TransformedFeatureType transformedFeatures
-      [FeatureTransformer<Arch::TransformedFeatureDimensions, nullptr>::BufferSize];
+    alignas(alignment) TransformedFeatureType
+      transformedFeatures[FeatureTransformer<FTDimensions, nullptr>::BufferSize];
 #endif

    ASSERT_ALIGNED(transformedFeatures, alignment);
@@ -284,8 +310,8 @@ NnueEvalTrace Network<Arch, Transformer>::trace_evaluate(const Position& pos) co
    for (IndexType bucket = 0; bucket < LayerStacks; ++bucket)
    {
        const auto materialist =
-          featureTransformer->transform(pos, transformedFeatures, bucket, false);
-        const auto positional = network[bucket]->propagate(transformedFeatures);
+          featureTransformer->transform(pos, cache, transformedFeatures, bucket);
+        const auto positional = network[bucket].propagate(transformedFeatures);

        t.psqt[bucket]       = static_cast<Value>(materialist / OutputScale);
        t.positional[bucket] = static_cast<Value>(positional / OutputScale);
@@ -338,9 +364,8 @@ void Network<Arch, Transformer>::load_internal() {

 template<typename Arch, typename Transformer>
 void Network<Arch, Transformer>::initialize() {
-    Detail::initialize(featureTransformer);
-    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < LayerStacks; ++i)
-        Detail::initialize(network[i]);
+    featureTransformer = make_unique_large_page<Transformer>();
+    network            = make_unique_aligned<Arch[]>(LayerStacks);
 }


@@ -407,7 +432,7 @@ bool Network<Arch, Transformer>::read_parameters(std::istream& stream,
        return false;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < LayerStacks; ++i)
    {
-        if (!Detail::read_parameters(stream, *(network[i])))
+        if (!Detail::read_parameters(stream, network[i]))
            return false;
    }
    return stream && stream.peek() == std::ios::traits_type::eof();
@@ -423,7 +448,7 @@ bool Network<Arch, Transformer>::write_parameters(std::ostream&      stream,
        return false;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < LayerStacks; ++i)
    {
-        if (!Detail::write_parameters(stream, *(network[i])))
+        if (!Detail::write_parameters(stream, network[i]))
            return false;
    }
    return bool(stream);
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -20,48 +20,59 @@
 #define NETWORK_H_INCLUDED

 #include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <tuple>
 #include <utility>

-#include "../misc.h"
+#include "../memory.h"
 #include "../position.h"
 #include "../types.h"
+#include "nnue_accumulator.h"
 #include "nnue_architecture.h"
 #include "nnue_feature_transformer.h"
 #include "nnue_misc.h"

 namespace Stockfish::Eval::NNUE {

-
 enum class EmbeddedNNUEType {
    BIG,
    SMALL,
 };

+using NetworkOutput = std::tuple<Value, Value>;

 template<typename Arch, typename Transformer>
 class Network {
+    static constexpr IndexType FTDimensions = Arch::TransformedFeatureDimensions;
+
   public:
    Network(EvalFile file, EmbeddedNNUEType type) :
        evalFile(file),
        embeddedType(type) {}

+    Network(const Network& other);
+    Network(Network&& other) = default;
+
+    Network& operator=(const Network& other);
+    Network& operator=(Network&& other) = default;
+
    void load(const std::string& rootDirectory, std::string evalfilePath);
    bool save(const std::optional<std::string>& filename) const;

-
-    Value evaluate(const Position& pos,
-                   bool            adjusted   = false,
-                   int*            complexity = nullptr,
-                   bool            psqtOnly   = false) const;
+    NetworkOutput evaluate(const Position&                         pos,
+                           AccumulatorCaches::Cache<FTDimensions>* cache) const;


-    void hint_common_access(const Position& pos, bool psqtOnl) const;
+    void hint_common_access(const Position&                         pos,
+                            AccumulatorCaches::Cache<FTDimensions>* cache) const;

-    void          verify(std::string evalfilePath) const;
-    NnueEvalTrace trace_evaluate(const Position& pos) const;
+    void verify(std::string evalfilePath, const std::function<void(std::string_view)>&) const;
+    NnueEvalTrace trace_evaluate(const Position&                         pos,
+                                 AccumulatorCaches::Cache<FTDimensions>* cache) const;

   private:
    void load_user_net(const std::string&, const std::string&);
@@ -82,13 +93,16 @@ class Network {
    LargePagePtr<Transformer> featureTransformer;

    // Evaluation function
-    AlignedPtr<Arch> network[LayerStacks];
+    AlignedPtr<Arch[]> network;

    EvalFile         evalFile;
    EmbeddedNNUEType embeddedType;

    // Hash value of evaluation function structure
    static constexpr std::uint32_t hash = Transformer::get_hash_value() ^ Arch::get_hash_value();
+
+    template<IndexType Size>
+    friend struct AccumulatorCaches::Cache;
 };

 // Definitions of the network types
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -28,13 +28,71 @@

 namespace Stockfish::Eval::NNUE {

+using BiasType       = std::int16_t;
+using PSQTWeightType = std::int32_t;
+using IndexType      = std::uint32_t;
+
 // Class that holds the result of affine transformation of input features
 template<IndexType Size>
 struct alignas(CacheLineSize) Accumulator {
-    std::int16_t accumulation[2][Size];
-    std::int32_t psqtAccumulation[2][PSQTBuckets];
-    bool         computed[2];
-    bool         computedPSQT[2];
+    std::int16_t accumulation[COLOR_NB][Size];
+    std::int32_t psqtAccumulation[COLOR_NB][PSQTBuckets];
+    bool         computed[COLOR_NB];
+};
+
+
+// AccumulatorCaches struct provides per-thread accumulator caches, where each
+// cache contains multiple entries for each of the possible king squares.
+// When the accumulator needs to be refreshed, the cached entry is used to more
+// efficiently update the accumulator, instead of rebuilding it from scratch.
+// This idea, was first described by Luecx (author of Koivisto) and
+// is commonly referred to as "Finny Tables".
+struct AccumulatorCaches {
+
+    template<typename Networks>
+    AccumulatorCaches(const Networks& networks) {
+        clear(networks);
+    }
+
+    template<IndexType Size>
+    struct alignas(CacheLineSize) Cache {
+
+        struct alignas(CacheLineSize) Entry {
+            BiasType       accumulation[Size];
+            PSQTWeightType psqtAccumulation[PSQTBuckets];
+            Bitboard       byColorBB[COLOR_NB];
+            Bitboard       byTypeBB[PIECE_TYPE_NB];
+
+            // To initialize a refresh entry, we set all its bitboards empty,
+            // so we put the biases in the accumulation, without any weights on top
+            void clear(const BiasType* biases) {
+
+                std::memcpy(accumulation, biases, sizeof(accumulation));
+                std::memset((uint8_t*) this + offsetof(Entry, psqtAccumulation), 0,
+                            sizeof(Entry) - offsetof(Entry, psqtAccumulation));
+            }
+        };
+
+        template<typename Network>
+        void clear(const Network& network) {
+            for (auto& entries1D : entries)
+                for (auto& entry : entries1D)
+                    entry.clear(network.featureTransformer->biases);
+        }
+
+        std::array<Entry, COLOR_NB>& operator[](Square sq) { return entries[sq]; }
+
+        std::array<std::array<Entry, COLOR_NB>, SQUARE_NB> entries;
+    };
+
+    template<typename Networks>
+    void clear(const Networks& networks) {
+        big.clear(networks.big);
+        small.clear(networks.small);
+    }
+
+    Cache<TransformedFeatureDimensionsBig>   big;
+    Cache<TransformedFeatureDimensionsSmall> small;
 };

 }  // namespace Stockfish::Eval::NNUE
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string_view>
+#include <tuple>

 #include "../evaluate.h"
 #include "../position.h"
@@ -42,13 +43,13 @@ namespace Stockfish::Eval::NNUE {
 constexpr std::string_view PieceToChar(" PNBRQK  pnbrqk");


-void hint_common_parent_position(const Position& pos, const Networks& networks) {
-
-    int simpleEvalAbs = std::abs(simple_eval(pos, pos.side_to_move()));
-    if (simpleEvalAbs > Eval::SmallNetThreshold)
-        networks.small.hint_common_access(pos, simpleEvalAbs > Eval::PsqtOnlyThreshold);
+void hint_common_parent_position(const Position&    pos,
+                                 const Networks&    networks,
+                                 AccumulatorCaches& caches) {
+    if (Eval::use_smallnet(pos))
+        networks.small.hint_common_access(pos, &caches.small);
    else
-        networks.big.hint_common_access(pos, false);
+        networks.big.hint_common_access(pos, &caches.big);
 }

 namespace {
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ void format_cp_compact(Value v, char* buffer, const Position& pos) {

    buffer[0] = (v < 0 ? '-' : v > 0 ? '+' : ' ');

-    int cp = std::abs(UCI::to_cp(v, pos));
+    int cp = std::abs(UCIEngine::to_cp(v, pos));
    if (cp >= 10000)
    {
        buffer[1] = '0' + cp / 10000;
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ void format_cp_compact(Value v, char* buffer, const Position& pos) {
 // Converts a Value into pawns, always keeping two decimals
 void format_cp_aligned_dot(Value v, std::stringstream& stream, const Position& pos) {

-    const double pawns = std::abs(0.01 * UCI::to_cp(v, pos));
+    const double pawns = std::abs(0.01 * UCIEngine::to_cp(v, pos));

    stream << (v < 0   ? '-'
               : v > 0 ? '+'
@@ -104,7 +105,8 @@ void format_cp_aligned_dot(Value v, std::stringstream& stream, const Position& p

 // Returns a string with the value of each piece on a board,
 // and a table for (PSQT, Layers) values bucket by bucket.
-std::string trace(Position& pos, const Eval::NNUE::Networks& networks) {
+std::string
+trace(Position& pos, const Eval::NNUE::Networks& networks, Eval::NNUE::AccumulatorCaches& caches) {

    std::stringstream ss;

@@ -124,14 +126,15 @@ std::string trace(Position& pos, const Eval::NNUE::Networks& networks) {
        board[y][x] = board[y][x + 8] = board[y + 3][x + 8] = board[y + 3][x] = '+';
        if (pc != NO_PIECE)
            board[y + 1][x + 4] = PieceToChar[pc];
-        if (value != VALUE_NONE)
+        if (is_valid(value))
            format_cp_compact(value, &board[y + 2][x + 2], pos);
    };

    // We estimate the value of each piece by doing a differential evaluation from
    // the current base eval, simulating the removal of the piece from its square.
-    Value base = networks.big.evaluate(pos);
-    base       = pos.side_to_move() == WHITE ? base : -base;
+    auto [psqt, positional] = networks.big.evaluate(pos, &caches.big);
+    Value base              = psqt + positional;
+    base                    = pos.side_to_move() == WHITE ? base : -base;

    for (File f = FILE_A; f <= FILE_H; ++f)
        for (Rank r = RANK_1; r <= RANK_8; ++r)
@@ -145,18 +148,15 @@ std::string trace(Position& pos, const Eval::NNUE::Networks& networks) {
                auto st = pos.state();

                pos.remove_piece(sq);
-                st->accumulatorBig.computed[WHITE]       = st->accumulatorBig.computed[BLACK] =
-                  st->accumulatorBig.computedPSQT[WHITE] = st->accumulatorBig.computedPSQT[BLACK] =
-                    false;
+                st->accumulatorBig.computed[WHITE] = st->accumulatorBig.computed[BLACK] = false;

-                Value eval = networks.big.evaluate(pos);
-                eval       = pos.side_to_move() == WHITE ? eval : -eval;
-                v          = base - eval;
+                std::tie(psqt, positional) = networks.big.evaluate(pos, &caches.big);
+                Value eval                 = psqt + positional;
+                eval                       = pos.side_to_move() == WHITE ? eval : -eval;
+                v                          = base - eval;

                pos.put_piece(pc, sq);
-                st->accumulatorBig.computed[WHITE]       = st->accumulatorBig.computed[BLACK] =
-                  st->accumulatorBig.computedPSQT[WHITE] = st->accumulatorBig.computedPSQT[BLACK] =
-                    false;
+                st->accumulatorBig.computed[WHITE] = st->accumulatorBig.computed[BLACK] = false;
            }

            writeSquare(f, r, pc, v);
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ std::string trace(Position& pos, const Eval::NNUE::Networks& networks) {
        ss << board[row] << '\n';
    ss << '\n';

-    auto t = networks.big.trace_evaluate(pos);
+    auto t = networks.big.trace_evaluate(pos, &caches.big);

    ss << " NNUE network contributions "
       << (pos.side_to_move() == WHITE ? "(White to move)" : "(Black to move)") << std::endl
@@ -178,16 +178,16 @@ std::string trace(Position& pos, const Eval::NNUE::Networks& networks) {

    for (std::size_t bucket = 0; bucket < LayerStacks; ++bucket)
    {
-        ss << "|  " << bucket << "        ";
-        ss << " |  ";
+        ss << "|  " << bucket << "        "  //
+           << " |  ";
        format_cp_aligned_dot(t.psqt[bucket], ss, pos);
-        ss << "  "
+        ss << "  "  //
           << " |  ";
        format_cp_aligned_dot(t.positional[bucket], ss, pos);
-        ss << "  "
+        ss << "  "  //
           << " |  ";
        format_cp_aligned_dot(t.psqt[bucket] + t.positional[bucket], ss, pos);
-        ss << "  "
+        ss << "  "  //
           << " |";
        if (bucket == t.correctBucket)
            ss << " <-- this bucket is used";
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -50,12 +50,13 @@ struct NnueEvalTrace {
    std::size_t correctBucket;
 };

-
 struct Networks;
+struct AccumulatorCaches;

-
-std::string trace(Position& pos, const Networks& networks);
-void        hint_common_parent_position(const Position& pos, const Networks& networks);
+std::string trace(Position& pos, const Networks& networks, AccumulatorCaches& caches);
+void        hint_common_parent_position(const Position&    pos,
+                                        const Networks&    networks,
+                                        AccumulatorCaches& caches);

 }  // namespace Stockfish::Eval::NNUE
 }  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "types.h"
 #include "uci.h"

-namespace Stockfish {
+namespace Stockfish::Benchmark {

 // Utility to verify move generation. All the leaf nodes up
 // to the given depth are generated and counted, and the sum is returned.
@@ -51,18 +51,17 @@ uint64_t perft(Position& pos, Depth depth) {
            pos.undo_move(m);
        }
        if (Root)
-            sync_cout << UCI::move(m, pos.is_chess960()) << ": " << cnt << sync_endl;
+            sync_cout << UCIEngine::move(m, pos.is_chess960()) << ": " << cnt << sync_endl;
    }
    return nodes;
 }

-inline void perft(const std::string& fen, Depth depth, bool isChess960) {
+inline uint64_t perft(const std::string& fen, Depth depth, bool isChess960) {
    StateListPtr states(new std::deque<StateInfo>(1));
    Position     p;
    p.set(fen, isChess960, &states->back());

-    uint64_t nodes = perft<true>(p, depth);
-    sync_cout << "\nNodes searched: " << nodes << "\n" << sync_endl;
+    return perft<true>(p, depth);
 }
 }

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Position& pos) {
       << std::setw(16) << pos.key() << std::setfill(' ') << std::dec << "\nCheckers: ";

    for (Bitboard b = pos.checkers(); b;)
-        os << UCI::square(pop_lsb(b)) << " ";
+        os << UCIEngine::square(pop_lsb(b)) << " ";

    if (int(Tablebases::MaxCardinality) >= popcount(pos.pieces()) && !pos.can_castle(ANY_CASTLING))
    {
@@ -119,6 +119,9 @@ void Position::init() {
    for (Piece pc : Pieces)
        for (Square s = SQ_A1; s <= SQ_H8; ++s)
            Zobrist::psq[pc][s] = rng.rand<Key>();
+    // pawns on these squares will promote
+    std::fill_n(Zobrist::psq[W_PAWN] + SQ_A8, 8, 0);
+    std::fill_n(Zobrist::psq[B_PAWN], 8, 0);

    for (File f = FILE_A; f <= FILE_H; ++f)
        Zobrist::enpassant[f] = rng.rand<Key>();
@@ -334,8 +337,10 @@ void Position::set_check_info() const {
 // The function is only used when a new position is set up
 void Position::set_state() const {

-    st->key = st->materialKey  = 0;
-    st->pawnKey                = Zobrist::noPawns;
+    st->key = st->materialKey = 0;
+    st->minorPieceKey         = 0;
+    st->nonPawnKey[WHITE] = st->nonPawnKey[BLACK] = 0;
+    st->pawnKey                                   = Zobrist::noPawns;
    st->nonPawnMaterial[WHITE] = st->nonPawnMaterial[BLACK] = VALUE_ZERO;
    st->checkersBB = attackers_to(square<KING>(sideToMove)) & pieces(~sideToMove);

@@ -350,8 +355,18 @@ void Position::set_state() const {
        if (type_of(pc) == PAWN)
            st->pawnKey ^= Zobrist::psq[pc][s];

-        else if (type_of(pc) != KING)
-            st->nonPawnMaterial[color_of(pc)] += PieceValue[pc];
+        else
+        {
+            st->nonPawnKey[color_of(pc)] ^= Zobrist::psq[pc][s];
+
+            if (type_of(pc) != KING)
+            {
+                st->nonPawnMaterial[color_of(pc)] += PieceValue[pc];
+
+                if (type_of(pc) <= BISHOP)
+                    st->minorPieceKey ^= Zobrist::psq[pc][s];
+            }
+        }
    }

    if (st->epSquare != SQ_NONE)
@@ -364,7 +379,7 @@ void Position::set_state() const {

    for (Piece pc : Pieces)
        for (int cnt = 0; cnt < pieceCount[pc]; ++cnt)
-            st->materialKey ^= Zobrist::psq[pc][cnt];
+            st->materialKey ^= Zobrist::psq[pc][8 + cnt];
 }


@@ -431,8 +446,8 @@ string Position::fen() const {
    if (!can_castle(ANY_CASTLING))
        ss << '-';

-    ss << (ep_square() == SQ_NONE ? " - " : " " + UCI::square(ep_square()) + " ") << st->rule50
-       << " " << 1 + (gamePly - (sideToMove == BLACK)) / 2;
+    ss << (ep_square() == SQ_NONE ? " - " : " " + UCIEngine::square(ep_square()) + " ")
+       << st->rule50 << " " << 1 + (gamePly - (sideToMove == BLACK)) / 2;

    return ss.str();
 }
@@ -472,14 +487,23 @@ void Position::update_slider_blockers(Color c) const {
 // Slider attacks use the occupied bitboard to indicate occupancy.
 Bitboard Position::attackers_to(Square s, Bitboard occupied) const {

-    return (pawn_attacks_bb(BLACK, s) & pieces(WHITE, PAWN))
-         | (pawn_attacks_bb(WHITE, s) & pieces(BLACK, PAWN))
-         | (attacks_bb<KNIGHT>(s) & pieces(KNIGHT))
-         | (attacks_bb<ROOK>(s, occupied) & pieces(ROOK, QUEEN))
+    return (attacks_bb<ROOK>(s, occupied) & pieces(ROOK, QUEEN))
         | (attacks_bb<BISHOP>(s, occupied) & pieces(BISHOP, QUEEN))
-         | (attacks_bb<KING>(s) & pieces(KING));
+         | (pawn_attacks_bb(BLACK, s) & pieces(WHITE, PAWN))
+         | (pawn_attacks_bb(WHITE, s) & pieces(BLACK, PAWN))
+         | (attacks_bb<KNIGHT>(s) & pieces(KNIGHT)) | (attacks_bb<KING>(s) & pieces(KING));
 }

+bool Position::attackers_to_exist(Square s, Bitboard occupied, Color c) const {
+
+    return ((attacks_bb<ROOK>(s) & pieces(c, ROOK, QUEEN))
+            && (attacks_bb<ROOK>(s, occupied) & pieces(c, ROOK, QUEEN)))
+        || ((attacks_bb<BISHOP>(s) & pieces(c, BISHOP, QUEEN))
+            && (attacks_bb<BISHOP>(s, occupied) & pieces(c, BISHOP, QUEEN)))
+        || (((pawn_attacks_bb(~c, s) & pieces(PAWN)) | (attacks_bb<KNIGHT>(s) & pieces(KNIGHT))
+             | (attacks_bb<KING>(s) & pieces(KING)))
+            & pieces(c));
+}

 // Tests whether a pseudo-legal move is legal
 bool Position::legal(Move m) const {
@@ -521,7 +545,7 @@ bool Position::legal(Move m) const {
        Direction step = to > from ? WEST : EAST;

        for (Square s = to; s != from; s += step)
-            if (attackers_to(s) & pieces(~us))
+            if (attackers_to_exist(s, pieces(), ~us))
                return false;

        // In case of Chess960, verify if the Rook blocks some checks.
@@ -532,7 +556,7 @@ bool Position::legal(Move m) const {
    // If the moving piece is a king, check whether the destination square is
    // attacked by the opponent.
    if (type_of(piece_on(from)) == KING)
-        return !(attackers_to(to, pieces() ^ from) & pieces(~us));
+        return !(attackers_to_exist(to, pieces() ^ from, ~us));

    // A non-king move is legal if and only if it is not pinned or it
    // is moving along the ray towards or away from the king.
@@ -601,7 +625,7 @@ bool Position::pseudo_legal(const Move m) const {
        }
        // In case of king moves under check we have to remove the king so as to catch
        // invalid moves like b1a1 when opposite queen is on c1.
-        else if (attackers_to(to, pieces() ^ from) & pieces(~us))
+        else if (attackers_to_exist(to, pieces() ^ from, ~us))
            return false;
    }

@@ -659,7 +683,12 @@ bool Position::gives_check(Move m) const {
 // Makes a move, and saves all information necessary
 // to a StateInfo object. The move is assumed to be legal. Pseudo-legal
 // moves should be filtered out before this function is called.
-void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, bool givesCheck) {
+// If a pointer to the TT table is passed, the entry for the new position
+// will be prefetched
+void Position::do_move(Move                      m,
+                       StateInfo&                newSt,
+                       bool                      givesCheck,
+                       const TranspositionTable* tt = nullptr) {

    assert(m.is_ok());
    assert(&newSt != st);
@@ -671,6 +700,7 @@ void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, bool givesCheck) {
    // our state pointer to point to the new (ready to be updated) state.
    std::memcpy(&newSt, st, offsetof(StateInfo, key));
    newSt.previous = st;
+    st->next       = &newSt;
    st             = &newSt;

    // Increment ply counters. In particular, rule50 will be reset to zero later on
@@ -680,11 +710,8 @@ void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, bool givesCheck) {
    ++st->pliesFromNull;

    // Used by NNUE
-    st->accumulatorBig.computed[WHITE]             = st->accumulatorBig.computed[BLACK] =
-      st->accumulatorBig.computedPSQT[WHITE]       = st->accumulatorBig.computedPSQT[BLACK] =
-        st->accumulatorSmall.computed[WHITE]       = st->accumulatorSmall.computed[BLACK] =
-          st->accumulatorSmall.computedPSQT[WHITE] = st->accumulatorSmall.computedPSQT[BLACK] =
-            false;
+    st->accumulatorBig.computed[WHITE]     = st->accumulatorBig.computed[BLACK] =
+      st->accumulatorSmall.computed[WHITE] = st->accumulatorSmall.computed[BLACK] = false;

    auto& dp     = st->dirtyPiece;
    dp.dirty_num = 1;
@@ -709,6 +736,7 @@ void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, bool givesCheck) {
        do_castling<true>(us, from, to, rfrom, rto);

        k ^= Zobrist::psq[captured][rfrom] ^ Zobrist::psq[captured][rto];
+        st->nonPawnKey[us] ^= Zobrist::psq[captured][rfrom] ^ Zobrist::psq[captured][rto];
        captured = NO_PIECE;
    }

@@ -734,7 +762,13 @@ void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, bool givesCheck) {
            st->pawnKey ^= Zobrist::psq[captured][capsq];
        }
        else
+        {
            st->nonPawnMaterial[them] -= PieceValue[captured];
+            st->nonPawnKey[them] ^= Zobrist::psq[captured][capsq];
+
+            if (type_of(captured) <= BISHOP)
+                st->minorPieceKey ^= Zobrist::psq[captured][capsq];
+        }

        dp.dirty_num = 2;  // 1 piece moved, 1 piece captured
        dp.piece[1]  = captured;
@@ -744,9 +778,8 @@ void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, bool givesCheck) {
        // Update board and piece lists
        remove_piece(capsq);

-        // Update material hash key and prefetch access to materialTable
        k ^= Zobrist::psq[captured][capsq];
-        st->materialKey ^= Zobrist::psq[captured][pieceCount[captured]];
+        st->materialKey ^= Zobrist::psq[captured][8 + pieceCount[captured]];

        // Reset rule 50 counter
        st->rule50 = 0;
@@ -793,7 +826,8 @@ void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, bool givesCheck) {

        else if (m.type_of() == PROMOTION)
        {
-            Piece promotion = make_piece(us, m.promotion_type());
+            Piece     promotion     = make_piece(us, m.promotion_type());
+            PieceType promotionType = type_of(promotion);

            assert(relative_rank(us, to) == RANK_8);
            assert(type_of(promotion) >= KNIGHT && type_of(promotion) <= QUEEN);
@@ -809,10 +843,13 @@ void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, bool givesCheck) {
            dp.dirty_num++;

            // Update hash keys
-            k ^= Zobrist::psq[pc][to] ^ Zobrist::psq[promotion][to];
-            st->pawnKey ^= Zobrist::psq[pc][to];
-            st->materialKey ^=
-              Zobrist::psq[promotion][pieceCount[promotion] - 1] ^ Zobrist::psq[pc][pieceCount[pc]];
+            // Zobrist::psq[pc][to] is zero, so we don't need to clear it
+            k ^= Zobrist::psq[promotion][to];
+            st->materialKey ^= Zobrist::psq[promotion][8 + pieceCount[promotion] - 1]
+                             ^ Zobrist::psq[pc][8 + pieceCount[pc]];
+
+            if (promotionType <= BISHOP)
+                st->minorPieceKey ^= Zobrist::psq[promotion][to];

            // Update material
            st->nonPawnMaterial[us] += PieceValue[promotion];
@@ -825,11 +862,21 @@ void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, bool givesCheck) {
        st->rule50 = 0;
    }

-    // Set capture piece
-    st->capturedPiece = captured;
+    else
+    {
+        st->nonPawnKey[us] ^= Zobrist::psq[pc][from] ^ Zobrist::psq[pc][to];
+
+        if (type_of(pc) <= BISHOP)
+            st->minorPieceKey ^= Zobrist::psq[pc][from] ^ Zobrist::psq[pc][to];
+    }

    // Update the key with the final value
    st->key = k;
+    if (tt)
+        prefetch(tt->first_entry(key()));
+
+    // Set capture piece
+    st->capturedPiece = captured;

    // Calculate checkers bitboard (if move gives check)
    st->checkersBB = givesCheck ? attackers_to(square<KING>(them)) & pieces(us) : 0;
@@ -959,7 +1006,7 @@ void Position::do_castling(Color us, Square from, Square& to, Square& rfrom, Squ

 // Used to do a "null move": it flips
 // the side to move without executing any move on the board.
-void Position::do_null_move(StateInfo& newSt, TranspositionTable& tt) {
+void Position::do_null_move(StateInfo& newSt, const TranspositionTable& tt) {

    assert(!checkers());
    assert(&newSt != st);
@@ -967,16 +1014,9 @@ void Position::do_null_move(StateInfo& newSt, TranspositionTable& tt) {
    std::memcpy(&newSt, st, offsetof(StateInfo, accumulatorBig));

    newSt.previous = st;
+    st->next       = &newSt;
    st             = &newSt;

-    st->dirtyPiece.dirty_num                 = 0;
-    st->dirtyPiece.piece[0]                  = NO_PIECE;  // Avoid checks in UpdateAccumulator()
-    st->accumulatorBig.computed[WHITE]       = st->accumulatorBig.computed[BLACK] =
-      st->accumulatorBig.computedPSQT[WHITE] = st->accumulatorBig.computedPSQT[BLACK] =
-        st->accumulatorSmall.computed[WHITE] = st->accumulatorSmall.computed[BLACK] =
-          st->accumulatorSmall.computedPSQT[WHITE] = st->accumulatorSmall.computedPSQT[BLACK] =
-            false;
-
    if (st->epSquare != SQ_NONE)
    {
        st->key ^= Zobrist::enpassant[file_of(st->epSquare)];
@@ -984,9 +1024,13 @@ void Position::do_null_move(StateInfo& newSt, TranspositionTable& tt) {
    }

    st->key ^= Zobrist::side;
-    ++st->rule50;
    prefetch(tt.first_entry(key()));

+    st->dirtyPiece.dirty_num               = 0;
+    st->dirtyPiece.piece[0]                = NO_PIECE;  // Avoid checks in UpdateAccumulator()
+    st->accumulatorBig.computed[WHITE]     = st->accumulatorBig.computed[BLACK] =
+      st->accumulatorSmall.computed[WHITE] = st->accumulatorSmall.computed[BLACK] = false;
+
    st->pliesFromNull = 0;

    sideToMove = ~sideToMove;
@@ -1009,26 +1053,6 @@ void Position::undo_null_move() {
 }


-// Computes the new hash key after the given move. Needed
-// for speculative prefetch. It doesn't recognize special moves like castling,
-// en passant and promotions.
-Key Position::key_after(Move m) const {
-
-    Square from     = m.from_sq();
-    Square to       = m.to_sq();
-    Piece  pc       = piece_on(from);
-    Piece  captured = piece_on(to);
-    Key    k        = st->key ^ Zobrist::side;
-
-    if (captured)
-        k ^= Zobrist::psq[captured][to];
-
-    k ^= Zobrist::psq[pc][to] ^ Zobrist::psq[pc][from];
-
-    return (captured || type_of(pc) == PAWN) ? k : adjust_key50<true>(k);
-}
-
-
 // Tests if the SEE (Static Exchange Evaluation)
 // value of move is greater or equal to the given threshold. We'll use an
 // algorithm similar to alpha-beta pruning with a null window.
@@ -1116,8 +1140,9 @@ bool Position::see_ge(Move m, int threshold) const {

        else if ((bb = stmAttackers & pieces(QUEEN)))
        {
-            if ((swap = QueenValue - swap) < res)
-                break;
+            swap = QueenValue - swap;
+            //  implies that the previous recapture was done by a higher rated piece than a Queen (King is excluded)
+            assert(swap >= res);
            occupied ^= least_significant_square_bb(bb);

            attackers |= (attacks_bb<BISHOP>(to, occupied) & pieces(BISHOP, QUEEN))
@@ -1140,11 +1165,12 @@ bool Position::is_draw(int ply) const {
    if (st->rule50 > 99 && (!checkers() || MoveList<LEGAL>(*this).size()))
        return true;

-    // Return a draw score if a position repeats once earlier but strictly
-    // after the root, or repeats twice before or at the root.
-    return st->repetition && st->repetition < ply;
+    return is_repetition(ply);
 }

+// Return a draw score if a position repeats once earlier but strictly
+// after the root, or repeats twice before or at the root.
+bool Position::is_repetition(int ply) const { return st->repetition && st->repetition < ply; }

 // Tests whether there has been at least one repetition
 // of positions since the last capture or pawn move.
@@ -1163,9 +1189,9 @@ bool Position::has_repeated() const {
 }


-// Tests if the position has a move which draws by repetition,
-// or an earlier position has a move that directly reaches the current position.
-bool Position::has_game_cycle(int ply) const {
+// Tests if the position has a move which draws by repetition.
+// This function accurately matches the outcome of is_draw() over all legal moves.
+bool Position::upcoming_repetition(int ply) const {

    int j;

@@ -1176,10 +1202,16 @@ bool Position::has_game_cycle(int ply) const {

    Key        originalKey = st->key;
    StateInfo* stp         = st->previous;
+    Key        other       = originalKey ^ stp->key ^ Zobrist::side;

    for (int i = 3; i <= end; i += 2)
    {
-        stp = stp->previous->previous;
+        stp = stp->previous;
+        other ^= stp->key ^ stp->previous->key ^ Zobrist::side;
+        stp = stp->previous;
+
+        if (other != 0)
+            continue;

        Key moveKey = originalKey ^ stp->key;
        if ((j = H1(moveKey), cuckoo[j] == moveKey) || (j = H2(moveKey), cuckoo[j] == moveKey))
@@ -1195,12 +1227,6 @@ bool Position::has_game_cycle(int ply) const {

                // For nodes before or at the root, check that the move is a
                // repetition rather than a move to the current position.
-                // In the cuckoo table, both moves Rc1c5 and Rc5c1 are stored in
-                // the same location, so we have to select which square to check.
-                if (color_of(piece_on(empty(s1) ? s2 : s1)) != side_to_move())
-                    continue;
-
-                // For repetitions before or at the root, require one more
                if (stp->repetition)
                    return true;
            }
@@ -1260,7 +1286,7 @@ bool Position::pos_is_ok() const {
        return true;

    if (pieceCount[W_KING] != 1 || pieceCount[B_KING] != 1
-        || attackers_to(square<KING>(~sideToMove)) & pieces(sideToMove))
+        || attackers_to_exist(square<KING>(~sideToMove), pieces(), sideToMove))
        assert(0 && "pos_is_ok: Kings");

    if ((pieces(PAWN) & (Rank1BB | Rank8BB)) || pieceCount[W_PAWN] > 8 || pieceCount[B_PAWN] > 8)
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ struct StateInfo {
    // Copied when making a move
    Key    materialKey;
    Key    pawnKey;
+    Key    minorPieceKey;
+    Key    nonPawnKey[COLOR_NB];
    Value  nonPawnMaterial[COLOR_NB];
    int    castlingRights;
    int    rule50;
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ struct StateInfo {
    Key        key;
    Bitboard   checkersBB;
    StateInfo* previous;
+    StateInfo* next;
    Bitboard   blockersForKing[COLOR_NB];
    Bitboard   pinners[COLOR_NB];
    Bitboard   checkSquares[PIECE_TYPE_NB];
@@ -122,6 +125,7 @@ class Position {
    // Attacks to/from a given square
    Bitboard attackers_to(Square s) const;
    Bitboard attackers_to(Square s, Bitboard occupied) const;
+    bool     attackers_to_exist(Square s, Bitboard occupied, Color c) const;
    void     update_slider_blockers(Color c) const;
    template<PieceType Pt>
    Bitboard attacks_by(Color c) const;
@@ -136,10 +140,10 @@ class Position {
    Piece captured_piece() const;

    // Doing and undoing moves
-    void do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt);
-    void do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, bool givesCheck);
+    void do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, const TranspositionTable* tt);
+    void do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, bool givesCheck, const TranspositionTable* tt);
    void undo_move(Move m);
-    void do_null_move(StateInfo& newSt, TranspositionTable& tt);
+    void do_null_move(StateInfo& newSt, const TranspositionTable& tt);
    void undo_null_move();

    // Static Exchange Evaluation
@@ -147,16 +151,18 @@ class Position {

    // Accessing hash keys
    Key key() const;
-    Key key_after(Move m) const;
    Key material_key() const;
    Key pawn_key() const;
+    Key minor_piece_key() const;
+    Key non_pawn_key(Color c) const;

    // Other properties of the position
    Color side_to_move() const;
    int   game_ply() const;
    bool  is_chess960() const;
    bool  is_draw(int ply) const;
-    bool  has_game_cycle(int ply) const;
+    bool  is_repetition(int ply) const;
+    bool  upcoming_repetition(int ply) const;
    bool  has_repeated() const;
    int   rule50_count() const;
    Value non_pawn_material(Color c) const;
@@ -297,6 +303,10 @@ inline Key Position::pawn_key() const { return st->pawnKey; }

 inline Key Position::material_key() const { return st->materialKey; }

+inline Key Position::minor_piece_key() const { return st->minorPieceKey; }
+
+inline Key Position::non_pawn_key(Color c) const { return st->nonPawnKey[c]; }
+
 inline Value Position::non_pawn_material(Color c) const { return st->nonPawnMaterial[c]; }

 inline Value Position::non_pawn_material() const {
@@ -315,8 +325,8 @@ inline bool Position::capture(Move m) const {
 }

 // Returns true if a move is generated from the capture stage, having also
-// queen promotions covered, i.e. consistency with the capture stage move generation
-// is needed to avoid the generation of duplicate moves.
+// queen promotions covered, i.e. consistency with the capture stage move
+// generation is needed to avoid the generation of duplicate moves.
 inline bool Position::capture_stage(Move m) const {
    assert(m.is_ok());
    return capture(m) || m.promotion_type() == QUEEN;
@@ -355,7 +365,9 @@ inline void Position::move_piece(Square from, Square to) {
    board[to]   = pc;
 }

-inline void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt) { do_move(m, newSt, gives_check(m)); }
+inline void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, const TranspositionTable* tt = nullptr) {
+    do_move(m, newSt, gives_check(m), tt);
+}

 inline StateInfo* Position::state() const { return st; }

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+
+  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+  GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+#include "score.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+#include "uci.h"
+
+namespace Stockfish {
+
+Score::Score(Value v, const Position& pos) {
+    assert(-VALUE_INFINITE < v && v < VALUE_INFINITE);
+
+    if (!is_decisive(v))
+    {
+        score = InternalUnits{UCIEngine::to_cp(v, pos)};
+    }
+    else if (std::abs(v) <= VALUE_TB)
+    {
+        auto distance = VALUE_TB - std::abs(v);
+        score         = (v > 0) ? Tablebase{distance, true} : Tablebase{-distance, false};
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        auto distance = VALUE_MATE - std::abs(v);
+        score         = (v > 0) ? Mate{distance} : Mate{-distance};
+    }
+}
+
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+
+  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+  GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SCORE_H_INCLUDED
+#define SCORE_H_INCLUDED
+
+#include <variant>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "types.h"
+
+namespace Stockfish {
+
+class Position;
+
+class Score {
+   public:
+    struct Mate {
+        int plies;
+    };
+
+    struct Tablebase {
+        int  plies;
+        bool win;
+    };
+
+    struct InternalUnits {
+        int value;
+    };
+
+    Score() = default;
+    Score(Value v, const Position& pos);
+
+    template<typename T>
+    bool is() const {
+        return std::holds_alternative<T>(score);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    T get() const {
+        return std::get<T>(score);
+    }
+
+    template<typename F>
+    decltype(auto) visit(F&& f) const {
+        return std::visit(std::forward<F>(f), score);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    std::variant<Mate, Tablebase, InternalUnits> score;
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif  // #ifndef SCORE_H_INCLUDED
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -19,28 +19,31 @@
 #ifndef SEARCH_H_INCLUDED
 #define SEARCH_H_INCLUDED

+#include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <vector>

+#include "history.h"
 #include "misc.h"
-#include "movepick.h"
+#include "nnue/network.h"
+#include "nnue/nnue_accumulator.h"
+#include "numa.h"
 #include "position.h"
+#include "score.h"
 #include "syzygy/tbprobe.h"
 #include "timeman.h"
 #include "types.h"

 namespace Stockfish {

-namespace Eval::NNUE {
-struct Networks;
-}
-
 // Different node types, used as a template parameter
 enum NodeType {
    NonPV,
@@ -58,20 +61,21 @@ namespace Search {
 // shallower and deeper in the tree during the search. Each search thread has
 // its own array of Stack objects, indexed by the current ply.
 struct Stack {
-    Move*           pv;
-    PieceToHistory* continuationHistory;
-    int             ply;
-    Move            currentMove;
-    Move            excludedMove;
-    Move            killers[2];
-    Value           staticEval;
-    int             statScore;
-    int             moveCount;
-    bool            inCheck;
-    bool            ttPv;
-    bool            ttHit;
-    int             multipleExtensions;
-    int             cutoffCnt;
+    Move*                       pv;
+    PieceToHistory*             continuationHistory;
+    CorrectionHistory<PieceTo>* continuationCorrectionHistory;
+    int                         ply;
+    Move                        currentMove;
+    Move                        excludedMove;
+    Value                       staticEval;
+    int                         statScore;
+    int                         moveCount;
+    bool                        inCheck;
+    bool                        ttPv;
+    bool                        ttHit;
+    int                         cutoffCnt;
+    int                         reduction;
+    bool                        isTTMove;
 };


@@ -89,15 +93,16 @@ struct RootMove {
        return m.score != score ? m.score < score : m.previousScore < previousScore;
    }

-    uint64_t          effort          = 0;
-    Value             score           = -VALUE_INFINITE;
-    Value             previousScore   = -VALUE_INFINITE;
-    Value             averageScore    = -VALUE_INFINITE;
-    Value             uciScore        = -VALUE_INFINITE;
-    bool              scoreLowerbound = false;
-    bool              scoreUpperbound = false;
-    int               selDepth        = 0;
-    int               tbRank          = 0;
+    uint64_t          effort           = 0;
+    Value             score            = -VALUE_INFINITE;
+    Value             previousScore    = -VALUE_INFINITE;
+    Value             averageScore     = -VALUE_INFINITE;
+    Value             meanSquaredScore = -VALUE_INFINITE * VALUE_INFINITE;
+    Value             uciScore         = -VALUE_INFINITE;
+    bool              scoreLowerbound  = false;
+    bool              scoreUpperbound  = false;
+    int               selDepth         = 0;
+    int               tbRank           = 0;
    Value             tbScore;
    std::vector<Move> pv;
 };
@@ -105,8 +110,7 @@ struct RootMove {
 using RootMoves = std::vector<RootMove>;


-// LimitsType struct stores information sent by GUI about available time to
-// search the current move, maximum depth/time, or if we are in analysis mode.
+// LimitsType struct stores information sent by the caller about the analysis required.
 struct LimitsType {

    // Init explicitly due to broken value-initialization of non POD in MSVC
@@ -119,31 +123,30 @@ struct LimitsType {

    bool use_time_management() const { return time[WHITE] || time[BLACK]; }

-    std::vector<Move> searchmoves;
-    TimePoint         time[COLOR_NB], inc[COLOR_NB], npmsec, movetime, startTime;
-    int               movestogo, depth, mate, perft, infinite;
-    uint64_t          nodes;
-    bool              ponderMode;
+    std::vector<std::string> searchmoves;
+    TimePoint                time[COLOR_NB], inc[COLOR_NB], npmsec, movetime, startTime;
+    int                      movestogo, depth, mate, perft, infinite;
+    uint64_t                 nodes;
+    bool                     ponderMode;
 };


 // The UCI stores the uci options, thread pool, and transposition table.
 // This struct is used to easily forward data to the Search::Worker class.
 struct SharedState {
-    SharedState(const OptionsMap&           optionsMap,
-                ThreadPool&                 threadPool,
-                TranspositionTable&         transpositionTable,
-                const Eval::NNUE::Networks& nets) :
+    SharedState(const OptionsMap&                               optionsMap,
+                ThreadPool&                                     threadPool,
+                TranspositionTable&                             transpositionTable,
+                const LazyNumaReplicated<Eval::NNUE::Networks>& nets) :
        options(optionsMap),
        threads(threadPool),
        tt(transpositionTable),
        networks(nets) {}

-
-    const OptionsMap&           options;
-    ThreadPool&                 threads;
-    TranspositionTable&         tt;
-    const Eval::NNUE::Networks& networks;
+    const OptionsMap&                               options;
+    ThreadPool&                                     threads;
+    TranspositionTable&                             tt;
+    const LazyNumaReplicated<Eval::NNUE::Networks>& networks;
 };

 class Worker;
@@ -156,18 +159,87 @@ class ISearchManager {
    virtual void check_time(Search::Worker&) = 0;
 };

+struct InfoShort {
+    int   depth;
+    Score score;
+};
+
+struct InfoFull: InfoShort {
+    int              selDepth;
+    size_t           multiPV;
+    std::string_view wdl;
+    std::string_view bound;
+    size_t           timeMs;
+    size_t           nodes;
+    size_t           nps;
+    size_t           tbHits;
+    std::string_view pv;
+    int              hashfull;
+};
+
+struct InfoIteration {
+    int              depth;
+    std::string_view currmove;
+    size_t           currmovenumber;
+};
+
+// Skill structure is used to implement strength limit. If we have a UCI_Elo,
+// we convert it to an appropriate skill level, anchored to the Stash engine.
+// This method is based on a fit of the Elo results for games played between
+// Stockfish at various skill levels and various versions of the Stash engine.
+// Skill 0 .. 19 now covers CCRL Blitz Elo from 1320 to 3190, approximately
+// Reference: https://github.com/vondele/Stockfish/commit/a08b8d4e9711c2
+struct Skill {
+    // Lowest and highest Elo ratings used in the skill level calculation
+    constexpr static int LowestElo  = 1320;
+    constexpr static int HighestElo = 3190;
+
+    Skill(int skill_level, int uci_elo) {
+        if (uci_elo)
+        {
+            double e = double(uci_elo - LowestElo) / (HighestElo - LowestElo);
+            level = std::clamp((((37.2473 * e - 40.8525) * e + 22.2943) * e - 0.311438), 0.0, 19.0);
+        }
+        else
+            level = double(skill_level);
+    }
+    bool enabled() const { return level < 20.0; }
+    bool time_to_pick(Depth depth) const { return depth == 1 + int(level); }
+    Move pick_best(const RootMoves&, size_t multiPV);
+
+    double level;
+    Move   best = Move::none();
+};
+
 // SearchManager manages the search from the main thread. It is responsible for
 // keeping track of the time, and storing data strictly related to the main thread.
 class SearchManager: public ISearchManager {
   public:
+    using UpdateShort    = std::function<void(const InfoShort&)>;
+    using UpdateFull     = std::function<void(const InfoFull&)>;
+    using UpdateIter     = std::function<void(const InfoIteration&)>;
+    using UpdateBestmove = std::function<void(std::string_view, std::string_view)>;
+
+    struct UpdateContext {
+        UpdateShort    onUpdateNoMoves;
+        UpdateFull     onUpdateFull;
+        UpdateIter     onIter;
+        UpdateBestmove onBestmove;
+    };
+
+
+    SearchManager(const UpdateContext& updateContext) :
+        updates(updateContext) {}
+
    void check_time(Search::Worker& worker) override;

-    std::string pv(const Search::Worker&     worker,
-                   const ThreadPool&         threads,
-                   const TranspositionTable& tt,
-                   Depth                     depth) const;
+    void pv(Search::Worker&           worker,
+            const ThreadPool&         threads,
+            const TranspositionTable& tt,
+            Depth                     depth);

    Stockfish::TimeManagement tm;
+    double                    originalTimeAdjust;
    int                       callsCnt;
    std::atomic_bool          ponder;

@@ -178,6 +250,8 @@ class SearchManager: public ISearchManager {
    bool                 stopOnPonderhit;

    size_t id;
+
+    const UpdateContext& updates;
 };

 class NullSearchManager: public ISearchManager {
@@ -191,46 +265,57 @@ class NullSearchManager: public ISearchManager {
 // of the search history, and storing data required for the search.
 class Worker {
   public:
-    Worker(SharedState&, std::unique_ptr<ISearchManager>, size_t);
+    Worker(SharedState&, std::unique_ptr<ISearchManager>, size_t, NumaReplicatedAccessToken);

-    // Called at instantiation to initialize Reductions tables
-    // Reset histories, usually before a new game
+    // Called at instantiation to initialize reductions tables.
+    // Reset histories, usually before a new game.
    void clear();

    // Called when the program receives the UCI 'go' command.
    // It searches from the root position and outputs the "bestmove".
    void start_searching();

-    bool is_mainthread() const { return thread_idx == 0; }
+    bool is_mainthread() const { return threadIdx == 0; }
+
+    void ensure_network_replicated();

    // Public because they need to be updatable by the stats
-    CounterMoveHistory    counterMoves;
-    ButterflyHistory      mainHistory;
+    ButterflyHistory mainHistory;
+    LowPlyHistory    lowPlyHistory;
+
    CapturePieceToHistory captureHistory;
    ContinuationHistory   continuationHistory[2][2];
    PawnHistory           pawnHistory;
-    CorrectionHistory     correctionHistory;
+
+    CorrectionHistory<Pawn>         pawnCorrectionHistory;
+    CorrectionHistory<Minor>        minorPieceCorrectionHistory;
+    CorrectionHistory<NonPawn>      nonPawnCorrectionHistory[COLOR_NB];
+    CorrectionHistory<Continuation> continuationCorrectionHistory;

   private:
    void iterative_deepening();

-    // Main search function for both PV and non-PV nodes
+    // This is the main search function, for both PV and non-PV nodes
    template<NodeType nodeType>
    Value search(Position& pos, Stack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth, bool cutNode);

    // Quiescence search function, which is called by the main search
    template<NodeType nodeType>
-    Value qsearch(Position& pos, Stack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth = 0);
+    Value qsearch(Position& pos, Stack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta);

-    Depth reduction(bool i, Depth d, int mn, int delta);
+    Depth reduction(bool i, Depth d, int mn, int delta) const;

-    // Get a pointer to the search manager, only allowed to be called by the
-    // main thread.
+    // Pointer to the search manager, only allowed to be called by the main thread
    SearchManager* main_manager() const {
-        assert(thread_idx == 0);
+        assert(threadIdx == 0);
        return static_cast<SearchManager*>(manager.get());
    }

+    TimePoint elapsed() const;
+    TimePoint elapsed_time() const;
+
+    Value evaluate(const Position&);
+
    LimitsType limits;

    size_t                pvIdx, pvLast;
@@ -245,7 +330,8 @@ class Worker {
    Depth     rootDepth, completedDepth;
    Value     rootDelta;

-    size_t thread_idx;
+    size_t                    threadIdx;
+    NumaReplicatedAccessToken numaAccessToken;

    // Reductions lookup table initialized at startup
    std::array<int, MAX_MOVES> reductions;  // [depth or moveNumber]
@@ -255,15 +341,23 @@ class Worker {

    Tablebases::Config tbConfig;

-    const OptionsMap&           options;
-    ThreadPool&                 threads;
-    TranspositionTable&         tt;
-    const Eval::NNUE::Networks& networks;
+    const OptionsMap&                               options;
+    ThreadPool&                                     threads;
+    TranspositionTable&                             tt;
+    const LazyNumaReplicated<Eval::NNUE::Networks>& networks;
+
+    // Used by NNUE
+    Eval::NNUE::AccumulatorCaches refreshTable;

    friend class Stockfish::ThreadPool;
    friend class SearchManager;
 };

+struct ConthistBonus {
+    int index;
+    int weight;
+};
+

 }  // namespace Search

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ namespace {

 constexpr int TBPIECES = 7;  // Max number of supported pieces
 constexpr int MAX_DTZ =
-  1 << 18;  // Max DTZ supported, large enough to deal with the syzygy TB limit.
+  1 << 18;  // Max DTZ supported times 2, large enough to deal with the syzygy TB limit.

 enum {
    BigEndian,
@@ -443,6 +443,8 @@ class TBTables {

    std::deque<TBTable<WDL>> wdlTable;
    std::deque<TBTable<DTZ>> dtzTable;
+    size_t                   foundDTZFiles = 0;
+    size_t                   foundWDLFiles = 0;

    void insert(Key key, TBTable<WDL>* wdl, TBTable<DTZ>* dtz) {
        uint32_t homeBucket = uint32_t(key) & (Size - 1);
@@ -486,9 +488,16 @@ class TBTables {
        memset(hashTable, 0, sizeof(hashTable));
        wdlTable.clear();
        dtzTable.clear();
+        foundDTZFiles = 0;
+        foundWDLFiles = 0;
    }
-    size_t size() const { return wdlTable.size(); }
-    void   add(const std::vector<PieceType>& pieces);
+
+    void info() const {
+        sync_cout << "info string Found " << foundWDLFiles << " WDL and " << foundDTZFiles
+                  << " DTZ tablebase files (up to " << MaxCardinality << "-man)." << sync_endl;
+    }
+
+    void add(const std::vector<PieceType>& pieces);
 };

 TBTables TBTables;
@@ -501,13 +510,22 @@ void TBTables::add(const std::vector<PieceType>& pieces) {

    for (PieceType pt : pieces)
        code += PieceToChar[pt];
+    code.insert(code.find('K', 1), "v");

-    TBFile file(code.insert(code.find('K', 1), "v") + ".rtbw");  // KRK -> KRvK
+    TBFile file_dtz(code + ".rtbz");  // KRK -> KRvK
+    if (file_dtz.is_open())
+    {
+        file_dtz.close();
+        foundDTZFiles++;
+    }
+
+    TBFile file(code + ".rtbw");  // KRK -> KRvK

    if (!file.is_open())  // Only WDL file is checked
        return;

    file.close();
+    foundWDLFiles++;

    MaxCardinality = std::max(int(pieces.size()), MaxCardinality);

@@ -1326,7 +1344,7 @@ void Tablebases::init(const std::string& paths) {
    MaxCardinality = 0;
    TBFile::Paths  = paths;

-    if (paths.empty() || paths == "<empty>")
+    if (paths.empty())
        return;

    // MapB1H1H7[] encodes a square below a1-h8 diagonal to 0..27
@@ -1466,7 +1484,7 @@ void Tablebases::init(const std::string& paths) {
        }
    }

-    sync_cout << "info string Found " << TBTables.size() << " tablebases" << sync_endl;
+    TBTables.info();
 }

 // Probe the WDL table for a particular position.
@@ -1574,7 +1592,10 @@ int Tablebases::probe_dtz(Position& pos, ProbeState* result) {
 // Use the DTZ tables to rank root moves.
 //
 // A return value false indicates that not all probes were successful.
-bool Tablebases::root_probe(Position& pos, Search::RootMoves& rootMoves, bool rule50) {
+bool Tablebases::root_probe(Position&          pos,
+                            Search::RootMoves& rootMoves,
+                            bool               rule50,
+                            bool               rankDTZ) {

    ProbeState result = OK;
    StateInfo  st;
@@ -1585,7 +1606,7 @@ bool Tablebases::root_probe(Position& pos, Search::RootMoves& rootMoves, bool ru
    // Check whether a position was repeated since the last zeroing move.
    bool rep = pos.has_repeated();

-    int dtz, bound = rule50 ? (MAX_DTZ - 100) : 1;
+    int dtz, bound = rule50 ? (MAX_DTZ / 2 - 100) : 1;

    // Probe and rank each move
    for (auto& m : rootMoves)
@@ -1599,7 +1620,7 @@ bool Tablebases::root_probe(Position& pos, Search::RootMoves& rootMoves, bool ru
            WDLScore wdl = -probe_wdl(pos, &result);
            dtz          = dtz_before_zeroing(wdl);
        }
-        else if (pos.is_draw(1))
+        else if ((rule50 && pos.is_draw(1)) || pos.is_repetition(1))
        {
            // In case a root move leads to a draw by repetition or 50-move rule,
            // we set dtz to zero. Note: since we are only 1 ply from the root,
@@ -1624,8 +1645,10 @@ bool Tablebases::root_probe(Position& pos, Search::RootMoves& rootMoves, bool ru

        // Better moves are ranked higher. Certain wins are ranked equally.
        // Losing moves are ranked equally unless a 50-move draw is in sight.
-        int r    = dtz > 0 ? (dtz + cnt50 <= 99 && !rep ? MAX_DTZ : MAX_DTZ - (dtz + cnt50))
-                 : dtz < 0 ? (-dtz * 2 + cnt50 < 100 ? -MAX_DTZ : -MAX_DTZ + (-dtz + cnt50))
+        int r    = dtz > 0 ? (dtz + cnt50 <= 99 && !rep ? MAX_DTZ - (rankDTZ ? dtz : 0)
+                                                        : MAX_DTZ / 2 - (dtz + cnt50))
+                 : dtz < 0 ? (-dtz * 2 + cnt50 < 100 ? -MAX_DTZ - (rankDTZ ? dtz : 0)
+                                                     : -MAX_DTZ / 2 + (-dtz + cnt50))
                           : 0;
        m.tbRank = r;

@@ -1633,10 +1656,11 @@ bool Tablebases::root_probe(Position& pos, Search::RootMoves& rootMoves, bool ru
        // 1 cp to cursed wins and let it grow to 49 cp as the positions gets
        // closer to a real win.
        m.tbScore = r >= bound ? VALUE_MATE - MAX_PLY - 1
-                  : r > 0      ? Value((std::max(3, r - (MAX_DTZ - 200)) * int(PawnValue)) / 200)
-                  : r == 0     ? VALUE_DRAW
-                  : r > -bound ? Value((std::min(-3, r + (MAX_DTZ - 200)) * int(PawnValue)) / 200)
-                               : -VALUE_MATE + MAX_PLY + 1;
+                  : r > 0  ? Value((std::max(3, r - (MAX_DTZ / 2 - 200)) * int(PawnValue)) / 200)
+                  : r == 0 ? VALUE_DRAW
+                  : r > -bound
+                    ? Value((std::min(-3, r + (MAX_DTZ / 2 - 200)) * int(PawnValue)) / 200)
+                    : -VALUE_MATE + MAX_PLY + 1;
    }

    return true;
@@ -1683,7 +1707,8 @@ bool Tablebases::root_probe_wdl(Position& pos, Search::RootMoves& rootMoves, boo

 Config Tablebases::rank_root_moves(const OptionsMap&  options,
                                   Position&          pos,
-                                   Search::RootMoves& rootMoves) {
+                                   Search::RootMoves& rootMoves,
+                                   bool               rankDTZ) {
    Config config;

    if (rootMoves.empty())
@@ -1707,7 +1732,7 @@ Config Tablebases::rank_root_moves(const OptionsMap&  options,
    if (config.cardinality >= popcount(pos.pieces()) && !pos.can_castle(ANY_CASTLING))
    {
        // Rank moves using DTZ tables
-        config.rootInTB = root_probe(pos, rootMoves, options["Syzygy50MoveRule"]);
+        config.rootInTB = root_probe(pos, rootMoves, options["Syzygy50MoveRule"], rankDTZ);

        if (!config.rootInTB)
        {
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -66,9 +66,12 @@ extern int MaxCardinality;
 void     init(const std::string& paths);
 WDLScore probe_wdl(Position& pos, ProbeState* result);
 int      probe_dtz(Position& pos, ProbeState* result);
-bool     root_probe(Position& pos, Search::RootMoves& rootMoves, bool rule50);
+bool     root_probe(Position& pos, Search::RootMoves& rootMoves, bool rule50, bool rankDTZ);
 bool     root_probe_wdl(Position& pos, Search::RootMoves& rootMoves, bool rule50);
-Config   rank_root_moves(const OptionsMap& options, Position& pos, Search::RootMoves& rootMoves);
+Config   rank_root_moves(const OptionsMap&  options,
+                         Position&          pos,
+                         Search::RootMoves& rootMoves,
+                         bool               rankDTZ = false);

 }  // namespace Stockfish::Tablebases

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <deque>
 #include <memory>
+#include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <utility>

-#include "misc.h"
 #include "movegen.h"
 #include "search.h"
 #include "syzygy/tbprobe.h"
 #include "timeman.h"
-#include "tt.h"
 #include "types.h"
+#include "uci.h"
 #include "ucioption.h"

 namespace Stockfish {
@@ -40,13 +40,24 @@ namespace Stockfish {
 // in idle_loop(). Note that 'searching' and 'exit' should be already set.
 Thread::Thread(Search::SharedState&                    sharedState,
               std::unique_ptr<Search::ISearchManager> sm,
-               size_t                                  n) :
-    worker(std::make_unique<Search::Worker>(sharedState, std::move(sm), n)),
+               size_t                                  n,
+               OptionalThreadToNumaNodeBinder          binder) :
    idx(n),
    nthreads(sharedState.options["Threads"]),
    stdThread(&Thread::idle_loop, this) {

    wait_for_search_finished();
+
+    run_custom_job([this, &binder, &sharedState, &sm, n]() {
+        // Use the binder to [maybe] bind the threads to a NUMA node before doing
+        // the Worker allocation. Ideally we would also allocate the SearchManager
+        // here, but that's minor.
+        this->numaAccessToken = binder();
+        this->worker =
+          std::make_unique<Search::Worker>(sharedState, std::move(sm), n, this->numaAccessToken);
+    });
+
+    wait_for_search_finished();
 }


@@ -61,38 +72,42 @@ Thread::~Thread() {
    stdThread.join();
 }

-
 // Wakes up the thread that will start the search
 void Thread::start_searching() {
-    mutex.lock();
-    searching = true;
-    mutex.unlock();   // Unlock before notifying saves a few CPU-cycles
-    cv.notify_one();  // Wake up the thread in idle_loop()
+    assert(worker != nullptr);
+    run_custom_job([this]() { worker->start_searching(); });
 }

+// Clears the histories for the thread worker (usually before a new game)
+void Thread::clear_worker() {
+    assert(worker != nullptr);
+    run_custom_job([this]() { worker->clear(); });
+}

-// Blocks on the condition variable
-// until the thread has finished searching.
+// Blocks on the condition variable until the thread has finished searching
 void Thread::wait_for_search_finished() {

    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mutex);
    cv.wait(lk, [&] { return !searching; });
 }

+// Launching a function in the thread
+void Thread::run_custom_job(std::function<void()> f) {
+    {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mutex);
+        cv.wait(lk, [&] { return !searching; });
+        jobFunc   = std::move(f);
+        searching = true;
+    }
+    cv.notify_one();
+}

-// Thread gets parked here, blocked on the
-// condition variable, when it has no work to do.
+void Thread::ensure_network_replicated() { worker->ensure_network_replicated(); }
+
+// Thread gets parked here, blocked on the condition variable
+// when the thread has no work to do.

 void Thread::idle_loop() {
-
-    // If OS already scheduled us on a different group than 0 then don't overwrite
-    // the choice, eventually we are one of many one-threaded processes running on
-    // some Windows NUMA hardware, for instance in fishtest. To make it simple,
-    // just check if running threads are below a threshold, in this case, all this
-    // NUMA machinery is not needed.
-    if (nthreads > 8)
-        WinProcGroup::bind_this_thread(idx);
-
    while (true)
    {
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mutex);
@@ -103,15 +118,17 @@ void Thread::idle_loop() {
        if (exit)
            return;

+        std::function<void()> job = std::move(jobFunc);
+        jobFunc                   = nullptr;
+
        lk.unlock();

-        worker->start_searching();
+        if (job)
+            job();
    }
 }

-Search::SearchManager* ThreadPool::main_manager() {
-    return static_cast<Search::SearchManager*>(main_thread()->worker.get()->manager.get());
-}
+Search::SearchManager* ThreadPool::main_manager() { return main_thread()->worker->main_manager(); }

 uint64_t ThreadPool::nodes_searched() const { return accumulate(&Search::Worker::nodes); }
 uint64_t ThreadPool::tb_hits() const { return accumulate(&Search::Worker::tbHits); }
@@ -119,54 +136,107 @@ uint64_t ThreadPool::tb_hits() const { return accumulate(&Search::Worker::tbHits
 // Creates/destroys threads to match the requested number.
 // Created and launched threads will immediately go to sleep in idle_loop.
 // Upon resizing, threads are recreated to allow for binding if necessary.
-void ThreadPool::set(Search::SharedState sharedState) {
+void ThreadPool::set(const NumaConfig&                           numaConfig,
+                     Search::SharedState                         sharedState,
+                     const Search::SearchManager::UpdateContext& updateContext) {

    if (threads.size() > 0)  // destroy any existing thread(s)
    {
        main_thread()->wait_for_search_finished();

-        while (threads.size() > 0)
-            delete threads.back(), threads.pop_back();
+        threads.clear();
+
+        boundThreadToNumaNode.clear();
    }

    const size_t requested = sharedState.options["Threads"];

    if (requested > 0)  // create new thread(s)
    {
-        threads.push_back(new Thread(
-          sharedState, std::unique_ptr<Search::ISearchManager>(new Search::SearchManager()), 0));
+        // Binding threads may be problematic when there's multiple NUMA nodes and
+        // multiple Stockfish instances running. In particular, if each instance
+        // runs a single thread then they would all be mapped to the first NUMA node.
+        // This is undesirable, and so the default behaviour (i.e. when the user does not
+        // change the NumaConfig UCI setting) is to not bind the threads to processors
+        // unless we know for sure that we span NUMA nodes and replication is required.
+        const std::string numaPolicy(sharedState.options["NumaPolicy"]);
+        const bool        doBindThreads = [&]() {
+            if (numaPolicy == "none")
+                return false;

+            if (numaPolicy == "auto")
+                return numaConfig.suggests_binding_threads(requested);
+
+            // numaPolicy == "system", or explicitly set by the user
+            return true;
+        }();
+
+        boundThreadToNumaNode = doBindThreads
+                                ? numaConfig.distribute_threads_among_numa_nodes(requested)
+                                : std::vector<NumaIndex>{};

        while (threads.size() < requested)
-            threads.push_back(new Thread(
-              sharedState, std::unique_ptr<Search::ISearchManager>(new Search::NullSearchManager()),
-              threads.size()));
+        {
+            const size_t    threadId = threads.size();
+            const NumaIndex numaId   = doBindThreads ? boundThreadToNumaNode[threadId] : 0;
+            auto            manager  = threadId == 0 ? std::unique_ptr<Search::ISearchManager>(
+                                             std::make_unique<Search::SearchManager>(updateContext))
+                                                     : std::make_unique<Search::NullSearchManager>();
+
+            // When not binding threads we want to force all access to happen
+            // from the same NUMA node, because in case of NUMA replicated memory
+            // accesses we don't want to trash cache in case the threads get scheduled
+            // on the same NUMA node.
+            auto binder = doBindThreads ? OptionalThreadToNumaNodeBinder(numaConfig, numaId)
+                                        : OptionalThreadToNumaNodeBinder(numaId);
+
+            threads.emplace_back(
+              std::make_unique<Thread>(sharedState, std::move(manager), threadId, binder));
+        }
+
        clear();

        main_thread()->wait_for_search_finished();
-
-        // Reallocate the hash with the new threadpool size
-        sharedState.tt.resize(sharedState.options["Hash"], requested);
    }
 }


 // Sets threadPool data to initial values
 void ThreadPool::clear() {
+    if (threads.size() == 0)
+        return;

-    for (Thread* th : threads)
-        th->worker->clear();
+    for (auto&& th : threads)
+        th->clear_worker();

-    main_manager()->callsCnt                 = 0;
-    main_manager()->bestPreviousScore        = VALUE_INFINITE;
+    for (auto&& th : threads)
+        th->wait_for_search_finished();
+
+    // These two affect the time taken on the first move of a game:
    main_manager()->bestPreviousAverageScore = VALUE_INFINITE;
-    main_manager()->previousTimeReduction    = 1.0;
+    main_manager()->previousTimeReduction    = 0.85;
+
+    main_manager()->callsCnt           = 0;
+    main_manager()->bestPreviousScore  = VALUE_INFINITE;
+    main_manager()->originalTimeAdjust = -1;
    main_manager()->tm.clear();
 }

+void ThreadPool::run_on_thread(size_t threadId, std::function<void()> f) {
+    assert(threads.size() > threadId);
+    threads[threadId]->run_custom_job(std::move(f));
+}

-// Wakes up main thread waiting in idle_loop() and
-// returns immediately. Main thread will wake up other threads and start the search.
+void ThreadPool::wait_on_thread(size_t threadId) {
+    assert(threads.size() > threadId);
+    threads[threadId]->wait_for_search_finished();
+}
+
+size_t ThreadPool::num_threads() const { return threads.size(); }
+
+
+// Wakes up main thread waiting in idle_loop() and returns immediately.
+// Main thread will wake up other threads and start the search.
 void ThreadPool::start_thinking(const OptionsMap&  options,
                                Position&          pos,
                                StateListPtr&      states,
@@ -180,10 +250,18 @@ void ThreadPool::start_thinking(const OptionsMap&  options,
    increaseDepth = true;

    Search::RootMoves rootMoves;
+    const auto        legalmoves = MoveList<LEGAL>(pos);

-    for (const auto& m : MoveList<LEGAL>(pos))
-        if (limits.searchmoves.empty()
-            || std::count(limits.searchmoves.begin(), limits.searchmoves.end(), m))
+    for (const auto& uciMove : limits.searchmoves)
+    {
+        auto move = UCIEngine::to_move(pos, uciMove);
+
+        if (std::find(legalmoves.begin(), legalmoves.end(), move) != legalmoves.end())
+            rootMoves.emplace_back(move);
+    }
+
+    if (rootMoves.empty())
+        for (const auto& m : legalmoves)
            rootMoves.emplace_back(m);

    Tablebases::Config tbConfig = Tablebases::rank_root_moves(options, pos, rootMoves);
@@ -198,33 +276,38 @@ void ThreadPool::start_thinking(const OptionsMap&  options,
    // We use Position::set() to set root position across threads. But there are
    // some StateInfo fields (previous, pliesFromNull, capturedPiece) that cannot
    // be deduced from a fen string, so set() clears them and they are set from
-    // setupStates->back() later. The rootState is per thread, earlier states are shared
-    // since they are read-only.
-    for (Thread* th : threads)
+    // setupStates->back() later. The rootState is per thread, earlier states are
+    // shared since they are read-only.
+    for (auto&& th : threads)
    {
-        th->worker->limits = limits;
-        th->worker->nodes = th->worker->tbHits = th->worker->nmpMinPly =
-          th->worker->bestMoveChanges          = 0;
-        th->worker->rootDepth = th->worker->completedDepth = 0;
-        th->worker->rootMoves                              = rootMoves;
-        th->worker->rootPos.set(pos.fen(), pos.is_chess960(), &th->worker->rootState);
-        th->worker->rootState = setupStates->back();
-        th->worker->tbConfig  = tbConfig;
+        th->run_custom_job([&]() {
+            th->worker->limits = limits;
+            th->worker->nodes = th->worker->tbHits = th->worker->nmpMinPly =
+              th->worker->bestMoveChanges          = 0;
+            th->worker->rootDepth = th->worker->completedDepth = 0;
+            th->worker->rootMoves                              = rootMoves;
+            th->worker->rootPos.set(pos.fen(), pos.is_chess960(), &th->worker->rootState);
+            th->worker->rootState = setupStates->back();
+            th->worker->tbConfig  = tbConfig;
+        });
    }

+    for (auto&& th : threads)
+        th->wait_for_search_finished();
+
    main_thread()->start_searching();
 }

 Thread* ThreadPool::get_best_thread() const {

-    Thread* bestThread = threads.front();
+    Thread* bestThread = threads.front().get();
    Value   minScore   = VALUE_NONE;

    std::unordered_map<Move, int64_t, Move::MoveHash> votes(
      2 * std::min(size(), bestThread->worker->rootMoves.size()));

    // Find the minimum score of all threads
-    for (Thread* th : threads)
+    for (auto&& th : threads)
        minScore = std::min(minScore, th->worker->rootMoves[0].score);

    // Vote according to score and depth, and select the best thread
@@ -232,10 +315,10 @@ Thread* ThreadPool::get_best_thread() const {
        return (th->worker->rootMoves[0].score - minScore + 14) * int(th->worker->completedDepth);
    };

-    for (Thread* th : threads)
-        votes[th->worker->rootMoves[0].pv[0]] += thread_voting_value(th);
+    for (auto&& th : threads)
+        votes[th->worker->rootMoves[0].pv[0]] += thread_voting_value(th.get());

-    for (Thread* th : threads)
+    for (auto&& th : threads)
    {
        const auto bestThreadScore = bestThread->worker->rootMoves[0].score;
        const auto newThreadScore  = th->worker->rootMoves[0].score;
@@ -246,59 +329,82 @@ Thread* ThreadPool::get_best_thread() const {
        const auto bestThreadMoveVote = votes[bestThreadPV[0]];
        const auto newThreadMoveVote  = votes[newThreadPV[0]];

-        const bool bestThreadInProvenWin = bestThreadScore >= VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY;
-        const bool newThreadInProvenWin  = newThreadScore >= VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY;
+        const bool bestThreadInProvenWin = is_win(bestThreadScore);
+        const bool newThreadInProvenWin  = is_win(newThreadScore);

        const bool bestThreadInProvenLoss =
-          bestThreadScore != -VALUE_INFINITE && bestThreadScore <= VALUE_TB_LOSS_IN_MAX_PLY;
+          bestThreadScore != -VALUE_INFINITE && is_loss(bestThreadScore);
        const bool newThreadInProvenLoss =
-          newThreadScore != -VALUE_INFINITE && newThreadScore <= VALUE_TB_LOSS_IN_MAX_PLY;
+          newThreadScore != -VALUE_INFINITE && is_loss(newThreadScore);

-        // Note that we make sure not to pick a thread with truncated-PV for better viewer experience.
+        // We make sure not to pick a thread with truncated principal variation
        const bool betterVotingValue =
-          thread_voting_value(th) * int(newThreadPV.size() > 2)
+          thread_voting_value(th.get()) * int(newThreadPV.size() > 2)
          > thread_voting_value(bestThread) * int(bestThreadPV.size() > 2);

        if (bestThreadInProvenWin)
        {
            // Make sure we pick the shortest mate / TB conversion
            if (newThreadScore > bestThreadScore)
-                bestThread = th;
+                bestThread = th.get();
        }
        else if (bestThreadInProvenLoss)
        {
            // Make sure we pick the shortest mated / TB conversion
            if (newThreadInProvenLoss && newThreadScore < bestThreadScore)
-                bestThread = th;
+                bestThread = th.get();
        }
        else if (newThreadInProvenWin || newThreadInProvenLoss
-                 || (newThreadScore > VALUE_TB_LOSS_IN_MAX_PLY
+                 || (!is_loss(newThreadScore)
                     && (newThreadMoveVote > bestThreadMoveVote
                         || (newThreadMoveVote == bestThreadMoveVote && betterVotingValue))))
-            bestThread = th;
+            bestThread = th.get();
    }

    return bestThread;
 }


-// Start non-main threads
-// Will be invoked by main thread after it has started searching
+// Start non-main threads.
+// Will be invoked by main thread after it has started searching.
 void ThreadPool::start_searching() {

-    for (Thread* th : threads)
+    for (auto&& th : threads)
        if (th != threads.front())
            th->start_searching();
 }


 // Wait for non-main threads
-
 void ThreadPool::wait_for_search_finished() const {

-    for (Thread* th : threads)
+    for (auto&& th : threads)
        if (th != threads.front())
            th->wait_for_search_finished();
 }

+std::vector<size_t> ThreadPool::get_bound_thread_count_by_numa_node() const {
+    std::vector<size_t> counts;
+
+    if (!boundThreadToNumaNode.empty())
+    {
+        NumaIndex highestNumaNode = 0;
+        for (NumaIndex n : boundThreadToNumaNode)
+            if (n > highestNumaNode)
+                highestNumaNode = n;
+
+        counts.resize(highestNumaNode + 1, 0);
+
+        for (NumaIndex n : boundThreadToNumaNode)
+            counts[n] += 1;
+    }
+
+    return counts;
+}
+
+void ThreadPool::ensure_network_replicated() {
+    for (auto&& th : threads)
+        th->ensure_network_replicated();
+}
+
 }  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -23,10 +23,12 @@
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <vector>

+#include "numa.h"
 #include "position.h"
 #include "search.h"
 #include "thread_win32_osx.h"
@@ -37,6 +39,32 @@ namespace Stockfish {
 class OptionsMap;
 using Value = int;

+// Sometimes we don't want to actually bind the threads, but the recipient still
+// needs to think it runs on *some* NUMA node, such that it can access structures
+// that rely on NUMA node knowledge. This class encapsulates this optional process
+// such that the recipient does not need to know whether the binding happened or not.
+class OptionalThreadToNumaNodeBinder {
+   public:
+    OptionalThreadToNumaNodeBinder(NumaIndex n) :
+        numaConfig(nullptr),
+        numaId(n) {}
+
+    OptionalThreadToNumaNodeBinder(const NumaConfig& cfg, NumaIndex n) :
+        numaConfig(&cfg),
+        numaId(n) {}
+
+    NumaReplicatedAccessToken operator()() const {
+        if (numaConfig != nullptr)
+            return numaConfig->bind_current_thread_to_numa_node(numaId);
+        else
+            return NumaReplicatedAccessToken(numaId);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    const NumaConfig* numaConfig;
+    NumaIndex         numaId;
+};
+
 // Abstraction of a thread. It contains a pointer to the worker and a native thread.
 // After construction, the native thread is started with idle_loop()
 // waiting for a signal to start searching.
@@ -44,22 +72,37 @@ using Value = int;
 // the search is finished, it goes back to idle_loop() waiting for a new signal.
 class Thread {
   public:
-    Thread(Search::SharedState&, std::unique_ptr<Search::ISearchManager>, size_t);
+    Thread(Search::SharedState&,
+           std::unique_ptr<Search::ISearchManager>,
+           size_t,
+           OptionalThreadToNumaNodeBinder);
    virtual ~Thread();

-    void   idle_loop();
-    void   start_searching();
+    void idle_loop();
+    void start_searching();
+    void clear_worker();
+    void run_custom_job(std::function<void()> f);
+
+    void ensure_network_replicated();
+
+    // Thread has been slightly altered to allow running custom jobs, so
+    // this name is no longer correct. However, this class (and ThreadPool)
+    // require further work to make them properly generic while maintaining
+    // appropriate specificity regarding search, from the point of view of an
+    // outside user, so renaming of this function is left for whenever that happens.
    void   wait_for_search_finished();
    size_t id() const { return idx; }

    std::unique_ptr<Search::Worker> worker;
+    std::function<void()>           jobFunc;

   private:
-    std::mutex              mutex;
-    std::condition_variable cv;
-    size_t                  idx, nthreads;
-    bool                    exit = false, searching = true;  // Set before starting std::thread
-    NativeThread            stdThread;
+    std::mutex                mutex;
+    std::condition_variable   cv;
+    size_t                    idx, nthreads;
+    bool                      exit = false, searching = true;  // Set before starting std::thread
+    NativeThread              stdThread;
+    NumaReplicatedAccessToken numaAccessToken;
 };


@@ -67,31 +110,46 @@ class Thread {
 // parking and, most importantly, launching a thread. All the access to threads
 // is done through this class.
 class ThreadPool {
-
   public:
+    ThreadPool() {}
+
    ~ThreadPool() {
        // destroy any existing thread(s)
        if (threads.size() > 0)
        {
            main_thread()->wait_for_search_finished();

-            while (threads.size() > 0)
-                delete threads.back(), threads.pop_back();
+            threads.clear();
        }
    }

-    void start_thinking(const OptionsMap&, Position&, StateListPtr&, Search::LimitsType);
-    void clear();
-    void set(Search::SharedState);
+    ThreadPool(const ThreadPool&) = delete;
+    ThreadPool(ThreadPool&&)      = delete;
+
+    ThreadPool& operator=(const ThreadPool&) = delete;
+    ThreadPool& operator=(ThreadPool&&)      = delete;
+
+    void   start_thinking(const OptionsMap&, Position&, StateListPtr&, Search::LimitsType);
+    void   run_on_thread(size_t threadId, std::function<void()> f);
+    void   wait_on_thread(size_t threadId);
+    size_t num_threads() const;
+    void   clear();
+    void   set(const NumaConfig& numaConfig,
+               Search::SharedState,
+               const Search::SearchManager::UpdateContext&);

    Search::SearchManager* main_manager();
-    Thread*                main_thread() const { return threads.front(); }
+    Thread*                main_thread() const { return threads.front().get(); }
    uint64_t               nodes_searched() const;
    uint64_t               tb_hits() const;
    Thread*                get_best_thread() const;
    void                   start_searching();
    void                   wait_for_search_finished() const;

+    std::vector<size_t> get_bound_thread_count_by_numa_node() const;
+
+    void ensure_network_replicated();
+
    std::atomic_bool stop, abortedSearch, increaseDepth;

    auto cbegin() const noexcept { return threads.cbegin(); }
@@ -102,13 +160,14 @@ class ThreadPool {
    auto empty() const noexcept { return threads.empty(); }

   private:
-    StateListPtr         setupStates;
-    std::vector<Thread*> threads;
+    StateListPtr                         setupStates;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Thread>> threads;
+    std::vector<NumaIndex>               boundThreadToNumaNode;

    uint64_t accumulate(std::atomic<uint64_t> Search::Worker::*member) const {

        uint64_t sum = 0;
-        for (Thread* th : threads)
+        for (auto&& th : threads)
            sum += (th->worker.get()->*member).load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
        return sum;
    }
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -30,17 +30,14 @@ namespace Stockfish {

 TimePoint TimeManagement::optimum() const { return optimumTime; }
 TimePoint TimeManagement::maximum() const { return maximumTime; }
-TimePoint TimeManagement::elapsed(size_t nodes) const {
-    return useNodesTime ? TimePoint(nodes) : now() - startTime;
-}

 void TimeManagement::clear() {
-    availableNodes = 0;  // When in 'nodes as time' mode
+    availableNodes = -1;  // When in 'nodes as time' mode
 }

 void TimeManagement::advance_nodes_time(std::int64_t nodes) {
    assert(useNodesTime);
-    availableNodes += nodes;
+    availableNodes = std::max(int64_t(0), availableNodes - nodes);
 }

 // Called at the beginning of the search and calculates
@@ -50,15 +47,19 @@ void TimeManagement::advance_nodes_time(std::int64_t nodes) {
 void TimeManagement::init(Search::LimitsType& limits,
                          Color               us,
                          int                 ply,
-                          const OptionsMap&   options) {
-    // If we have no time, no need to initialize TM, except for the start time,
-    // which is used by movetime.
-    startTime = limits.startTime;
+                          const OptionsMap&   options,
+                          double&             originalTimeAdjust) {
+    TimePoint npmsec = TimePoint(options["nodestime"]);
+
+    // If we have no time, we don't need to fully initialize TM.
+    // startTime is used by movetime and useNodesTime is used in elapsed calls.
+    startTime    = limits.startTime;
+    useNodesTime = npmsec != 0;
+
    if (limits.time[us] == 0)
        return;

    TimePoint moveOverhead = TimePoint(options["Move Overhead"]);
-    TimePoint npmsec       = TimePoint(options["nodestime"]);

    // optScale is a percentage of available time to use for the current move.
    // maxScale is a multiplier applied to optimumTime.
@@ -68,62 +69,72 @@ void TimeManagement::init(Search::LimitsType& limits,
    // to nodes, and use resulting values in time management formulas.
    // WARNING: to avoid time losses, the given npmsec (nodes per millisecond)
    // must be much lower than the real engine speed.
-    if (npmsec)
+    if (useNodesTime)
    {
-        useNodesTime = true;
-
-        if (!availableNodes)                            // Only once at game start
+        if (availableNodes == -1)                       // Only once at game start
            availableNodes = npmsec * limits.time[us];  // Time is in msec

        // Convert from milliseconds to nodes
        limits.time[us] = TimePoint(availableNodes);
        limits.inc[us] *= npmsec;
        limits.npmsec = npmsec;
+        moveOverhead *= npmsec;
    }

-    // Maximum move horizon of 50 moves
-    int mtg = limits.movestogo ? std::min(limits.movestogo, 50) : 50;
+    // These numbers are used where multiplications, divisions or comparisons
+    // with constants are involved.
+    const int64_t   scaleFactor = useNodesTime ? npmsec : 1;
+    const TimePoint scaledTime  = limits.time[us] / scaleFactor;
+    const TimePoint scaledInc   = limits.inc[us] / scaleFactor;

-    // if less than one second, gradually reduce mtg
-    if (limits.time[us] < 1000 && (double(mtg) / limits.time[us] > 0.05))
+    // Maximum move horizon
+    int centiMTG = limits.movestogo ? std::min(limits.movestogo * 100, 5000) : 5051;
+
+    // If less than one second, gradually reduce mtg
+    if (scaledTime < 1000 && double(centiMTG) / scaledInc > 5.051)
    {
-        mtg = limits.time[us] * 0.05;
+        centiMTG = scaledTime * 5.051;
    }

    // Make sure timeLeft is > 0 since we may use it as a divisor
-    TimePoint timeLeft = std::max(TimePoint(1), limits.time[us] + limits.inc[us] * (mtg - 1)
-                                                  - moveOverhead * (2 + mtg));
+    TimePoint timeLeft =
+      std::max(TimePoint(1),
+               limits.time[us]
+                 + (limits.inc[us] * (centiMTG - 100) - moveOverhead * (200 + centiMTG)) / 100);

    // x basetime (+ z increment)
    // If there is a healthy increment, timeLeft can exceed the actual available
    // game time for the current move, so also cap to a percentage of available game time.
    if (limits.movestogo == 0)
    {
-        // Use extra time with larger increments
-        double optExtra = limits.inc[us] < 500 ? 1.0 : 1.13;
+        // Extra time according to timeLeft
+        if (originalTimeAdjust < 0)
+            originalTimeAdjust = 0.3128 * std::log10(timeLeft) - 0.4354;

        // Calculate time constants based on current time left.
-        double optConstant =
-          std::min(0.00308 + 0.000319 * std::log10(limits.time[us] / 1000.0), 0.00506);
-        double maxConstant = std::max(3.39 + 3.01 * std::log10(limits.time[us] / 1000.0), 2.93);
+        double logTimeInSec = std::log10(scaledTime / 1000.0);
+        double optConstant  = std::min(0.0032116 + 0.000321123 * logTimeInSec, 0.00508017);
+        double maxConstant  = std::max(3.3977 + 3.03950 * logTimeInSec, 2.94761);

-        optScale = std::min(0.0122 + std::pow(ply + 2.95, 0.462) * optConstant,
-                            0.213 * limits.time[us] / double(timeLeft))
-                 * optExtra;
-        maxScale = std::min(6.64, maxConstant + ply / 12.0);
+        optScale = std::min(0.0121431 + std::pow(ply + 2.94693, 0.461073) * optConstant,
+                            0.213035 * limits.time[us] / timeLeft)
+                 * originalTimeAdjust;
+
+        maxScale = std::min(6.67704, maxConstant + ply / 11.9847);
    }

    // x moves in y seconds (+ z increment)
    else
    {
-        optScale = std::min((0.88 + ply / 116.4) / mtg, 0.88 * limits.time[us] / double(timeLeft));
-        maxScale = std::min(6.3, 1.5 + 0.11 * mtg);
+        optScale =
+          std::min((0.88 + ply / 116.4) / (centiMTG / 100.0), 0.88 * limits.time[us] / timeLeft);
+        maxScale = 1.3 + 0.11 * (centiMTG / 100.0);
    }

    // Limit the maximum possible time for this move
    optimumTime = TimePoint(optScale * timeLeft);
    maximumTime =
-      TimePoint(std::min(0.825 * limits.time[us] - moveOverhead, maxScale * optimumTime)) - 10;
+      TimePoint(std::min(0.825179 * limits.time[us] - moveOverhead, maxScale * optimumTime)) - 10;

    if (options["Ponder"])
        optimumTime += optimumTime / 4;
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef TIMEMAN_H_INCLUDED
 #define TIMEMAN_H_INCLUDED

-#include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>

 #include "misc.h"
@@ -37,11 +36,19 @@ struct LimitsType;
 // the maximum available time, the game move number, and other parameters.
 class TimeManagement {
   public:
-    void init(Search::LimitsType& limits, Color us, int ply, const OptionsMap& options);
+    void init(Search::LimitsType& limits,
+              Color               us,
+              int                 ply,
+              const OptionsMap&   options,
+              double&             originalTimeAdjust);

    TimePoint optimum() const;
    TimePoint maximum() const;
-    TimePoint elapsed(std::size_t nodes) const;
+    template<typename FUNC>
+    TimePoint elapsed(FUNC nodes) const {
+        return useNodesTime ? TimePoint(nodes()) : elapsed_time();
+    }
+    TimePoint elapsed_time() const { return now() - startTime; };

    void clear();
    void advance_nodes_time(std::int64_t nodes);
@@ -51,7 +58,7 @@ class TimeManagement {
    TimePoint optimumTime;
    TimePoint maximumTime;

-    std::int64_t availableNodes = 0;      // When in 'nodes as time' mode
+    std::int64_t availableNodes = -1;     // When in 'nodes as time' mode
    bool         useNodesTime   = false;  // True if we are in 'nodes as time' mode
 };

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -23,30 +23,89 @@
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <thread>
-#include <vector>

+#include "memory.h"
 #include "misc.h"
+#include "syzygy/tbprobe.h"
+#include "thread.h"

 namespace Stockfish {

+
+// TTEntry struct is the 10 bytes transposition table entry, defined as below:
+//
+// key        16 bit
+// depth       8 bit
+// generation  5 bit
+// pv node     1 bit
+// bound type  2 bit
+// move       16 bit
+// value      16 bit
+// evaluation 16 bit
+//
+// These fields are in the same order as accessed by TT::probe(), since memory is fastest sequentially.
+// Equally, the store order in save() matches this order.
+
+struct TTEntry {
+
+    // Convert internal bitfields to external types
+    TTData read() const {
+        return TTData{Move(move16),           Value(value16),
+                      Value(eval16),          Depth(depth8 + DEPTH_ENTRY_OFFSET),
+                      Bound(genBound8 & 0x3), bool(genBound8 & 0x4)};
+    }
+
+    bool is_occupied() const;
+    void save(Key k, Value v, bool pv, Bound b, Depth d, Move m, Value ev, uint8_t generation8);
+    // The returned age is a multiple of TranspositionTable::GENERATION_DELTA
+    uint8_t relative_age(const uint8_t generation8) const;
+
+   private:
+    friend class TranspositionTable;
+
+    uint16_t key16;
+    uint8_t  depth8;
+    uint8_t  genBound8;
+    Move     move16;
+    int16_t  value16;
+    int16_t  eval16;
+};
+
+// `genBound8` is where most of the details are. We use the following constants to manipulate 5 leading generation bits
+// and 3 trailing miscellaneous bits.
+
+// These bits are reserved for other things.
+static constexpr unsigned GENERATION_BITS = 3;
+// increment for generation field
+static constexpr int GENERATION_DELTA = (1 << GENERATION_BITS);
+// cycle length
+static constexpr int GENERATION_CYCLE = 255 + GENERATION_DELTA;
+// mask to pull out generation number
+static constexpr int GENERATION_MASK = (0xFF << GENERATION_BITS) & 0xFF;
+
+// DEPTH_ENTRY_OFFSET exists because 1) we use `bool(depth8)` as the occupancy check, but
+// 2) we need to store negative depths for QS. (`depth8` is the only field with "spare bits":
+// we sacrifice the ability to store depths greater than 1<<8 less the offset, as asserted in `save`.)
+bool TTEntry::is_occupied() const { return bool(depth8); }
+
 // Populates the TTEntry with a new node's data, possibly
 // overwriting an old position. The update is not atomic and can be racy.
 void TTEntry::save(
  Key k, Value v, bool pv, Bound b, Depth d, Move m, Value ev, uint8_t generation8) {

-    // Preserve any existing move for the same position
+    // Preserve the old ttmove if we don't have a new one
    if (m || uint16_t(k) != key16)
        move16 = m;

    // Overwrite less valuable entries (cheapest checks first)
-    if (b == BOUND_EXACT || uint16_t(k) != key16 || d - DEPTH_OFFSET + 2 * pv > depth8 - 4)
+    if (b == BOUND_EXACT || uint16_t(k) != key16 || d - DEPTH_ENTRY_OFFSET + 2 * pv > depth8 - 4
+        || relative_age(generation8))
    {
-        assert(d > DEPTH_OFFSET);
-        assert(d < 256 + DEPTH_OFFSET);
+        assert(d > DEPTH_ENTRY_OFFSET);
+        assert(d < 256 + DEPTH_ENTRY_OFFSET);

        key16     = uint16_t(k);
-        depth8    = uint8_t(d - DEPTH_OFFSET);
+        depth8    = uint8_t(d - DEPTH_ENTRY_OFFSET);
        genBound8 = uint8_t(generation8 | uint8_t(pv) << 2 | b);
        value16   = int16_t(v);
        eval16    = int16_t(ev);
@@ -60,76 +119,117 @@ uint8_t TTEntry::relative_age(const uint8_t generation8) const {
    // is needed to keep the unrelated lowest n bits from affecting
    // the result) to calculate the entry age correctly even after
    // generation8 overflows into the next cycle.
-
-    return (TranspositionTable::GENERATION_CYCLE + generation8 - genBound8)
-         & TranspositionTable::GENERATION_MASK;
+    return (GENERATION_CYCLE + generation8 - genBound8) & GENERATION_MASK;
 }


+// TTWriter is but a very thin wrapper around the pointer
+TTWriter::TTWriter(TTEntry* tte) :
+    entry(tte) {}
+
+void TTWriter::write(
+  Key k, Value v, bool pv, Bound b, Depth d, Move m, Value ev, uint8_t generation8) {
+    entry->save(k, v, pv, b, d, m, ev, generation8);
+}
+
+
+// A TranspositionTable is an array of Cluster, of size clusterCount. Each cluster consists of ClusterSize number
+// of TTEntry. Each non-empty TTEntry contains information on exactly one position. The size of a Cluster should
+// divide the size of a cache line for best performance, as the cacheline is prefetched when possible.
+
+static constexpr int ClusterSize = 3;
+
+struct Cluster {
+    TTEntry entry[ClusterSize];
+    char    padding[2];  // Pad to 32 bytes
+};
+
+static_assert(sizeof(Cluster) == 32, "Suboptimal Cluster size");
+
+
 // Sets the size of the transposition table,
-// measured in megabytes. Transposition table consists of a power of 2 number
+// measured in megabytes. Transposition table consists
 // of clusters and each cluster consists of ClusterSize number of TTEntry.
-void TranspositionTable::resize(size_t mbSize, int threadCount) {
+void TranspositionTable::resize(size_t mbSize, ThreadPool& threads) {
    aligned_large_pages_free(table);

    clusterCount = mbSize * 1024 * 1024 / sizeof(Cluster);

    table = static_cast<Cluster*>(aligned_large_pages_alloc(clusterCount * sizeof(Cluster)));
+
    if (!table)
    {
        std::cerr << "Failed to allocate " << mbSize << "MB for transposition table." << std::endl;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

-    clear(threadCount);
+    clear(threads);
 }


 // Initializes the entire transposition table to zero,
 // in a multi-threaded way.
-void TranspositionTable::clear(size_t threadCount) {
-    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
+void TranspositionTable::clear(ThreadPool& threads) {
+    generation8              = 0;
+    const size_t threadCount = threads.num_threads();

-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < size_t(threadCount); ++idx)
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < threadCount; ++i)
    {
-        threads.emplace_back([this, idx, threadCount]() {
-            // Thread binding gives faster search on systems with a first-touch policy
-            if (threadCount > 8)
-                WinProcGroup::bind_this_thread(idx);
-
+        threads.run_on_thread(i, [this, i, threadCount]() {
            // Each thread will zero its part of the hash table
-            const size_t stride = size_t(clusterCount / threadCount), start = size_t(stride * idx),
-                         len = idx != size_t(threadCount) - 1 ? stride : clusterCount - start;
+            const size_t stride = clusterCount / threadCount;
+            const size_t start  = stride * i;
+            const size_t len    = i + 1 != threadCount ? stride : clusterCount - start;

            std::memset(&table[start], 0, len * sizeof(Cluster));
        });
    }

-    for (std::thread& th : threads)
-        th.join();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < threadCount; ++i)
+        threads.wait_on_thread(i);
 }


+// Returns an approximation of the hashtable
+// occupation during a search. The hash is x permill full, as per UCI protocol.
+// Only counts entries which match the current generation.
+int TranspositionTable::hashfull(int maxAge) const {
+    int maxAgeInternal = maxAge << GENERATION_BITS;
+    int cnt            = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i)
+        for (int j = 0; j < ClusterSize; ++j)
+            cnt += table[i].entry[j].is_occupied()
+                && table[i].entry[j].relative_age(generation8) <= maxAgeInternal;
+
+    return cnt / ClusterSize;
+}
+
+
+void TranspositionTable::new_search() {
+    // increment by delta to keep lower bits as is
+    generation8 += GENERATION_DELTA;
+}
+
+
+uint8_t TranspositionTable::generation() const { return generation8; }
+
+
 // Looks up the current position in the transposition
-// table. It returns true and a pointer to the TTEntry if the position is found.
+// table. It returns true if the position is found.
 // Otherwise, it returns false and a pointer to an empty or least valuable TTEntry
 // to be replaced later. The replace value of an entry is calculated as its depth
 // minus 8 times its relative age. TTEntry t1 is considered more valuable than
 // TTEntry t2 if its replace value is greater than that of t2.
-TTEntry* TranspositionTable::probe(const Key key, bool& found) const {
+std::tuple<bool, TTData, TTWriter> TranspositionTable::probe(const Key key) const {

    TTEntry* const tte   = first_entry(key);
    const uint16_t key16 = uint16_t(key);  // Use the low 16 bits as key inside the cluster

    for (int i = 0; i < ClusterSize; ++i)
-        if (tte[i].key16 == key16 || !tte[i].depth8)
-        {
-            constexpr uint8_t lowerBits = GENERATION_DELTA - 1;
-
-            // Refresh with new generation, keeping the lower bits the same.
-            tte[i].genBound8 = uint8_t(generation8 | (tte[i].genBound8 & lowerBits));
-            return found     = bool(tte[i].depth8), &tte[i];
-        }
+        if (tte[i].key16 == key16)
+            // This gap is the main place for read races.
+            // After `read()` completes that copy is final, but may be self-inconsistent.
+            return {tte[i].is_occupied(), tte[i].read(), TTWriter(&tte[i])};

    // Find an entry to be replaced according to the replacement strategy
    TTEntry* replace = tte;
@@ -138,22 +238,14 @@ TTEntry* TranspositionTable::probe(const Key key, bool& found) const {
            > tte[i].depth8 - tte[i].relative_age(generation8) * 2)
            replace = &tte[i];

-    return found = false, replace;
+    return {false,
+            TTData{Move::none(), VALUE_NONE, VALUE_NONE, DEPTH_ENTRY_OFFSET, BOUND_NONE, false},
+            TTWriter(replace)};
 }


-// Returns an approximation of the hashtable
-// occupation during a search. The hash is x permill full, as per UCI protocol.
-// Only counts entries which match the current generation.
-int TranspositionTable::hashfull() const {
-
-    int cnt = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i)
-        for (int j = 0; j < ClusterSize; ++j)
-            cnt += table[i].entry[j].depth8
-                && (table[i].entry[j].genBound8 & GENERATION_MASK) == generation8;
-
-    return cnt / ClusterSize;
+TTEntry* TranspositionTable::first_entry(const Key key) const {
+    return &table[mul_hi64(key, clusterCount)].entry[0];
 }

 }  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -21,99 +21,88 @@

 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <tuple>

-#include "misc.h"
+#include "memory.h"
 #include "types.h"

 namespace Stockfish {

-// TTEntry struct is the 10 bytes transposition table entry, defined as below:
+class ThreadPool;
+struct TTEntry;
+struct Cluster;
+
+// There is only one global hash table for the engine and all its threads. For chess in particular, we even allow racy
+// updates between threads to and from the TT, as taking the time to synchronize access would cost thinking time and
+// thus elo. As a hash table, collisions are possible and may cause chess playing issues (bizarre blunders, faulty mate
+// reports, etc). Fixing these also loses elo; however such risk decreases quickly with larger TT size.
 //
-// key        16 bit
-// depth       8 bit
-// generation  5 bit
-// pv node     1 bit
-// bound type  2 bit
-// move       16 bit
-// value      16 bit
-// eval value 16 bit
-struct TTEntry {
+// `probe` is the primary method: given a board position, we lookup its entry in the table, and return a tuple of:
+//   1) whether the entry already has this position
+//   2) a copy of the prior data (if any) (may be inconsistent due to read races)
+//   3) a writer object to this entry
+// The copied data and the writer are separated to maintain clear boundaries between local vs global objects.

-    Move  move() const { return Move(move16); }
-    Value value() const { return Value(value16); }
-    Value eval() const { return Value(eval16); }
-    Depth depth() const { return Depth(depth8 + DEPTH_OFFSET); }
-    bool  is_pv() const { return bool(genBound8 & 0x4); }
-    Bound bound() const { return Bound(genBound8 & 0x3); }
-    void  save(Key k, Value v, bool pv, Bound b, Depth d, Move m, Value ev, uint8_t generation8);
-    // The returned age is a multiple of TranspositionTable::GENERATION_DELTA
-    uint8_t relative_age(const uint8_t generation8) const;

-   private:
-    friend class TranspositionTable;
+// A copy of the data already in the entry (possibly collided). `probe` may be racy, resulting in inconsistent data.
+struct TTData {
+    Move  move;
+    Value value, eval;
+    Depth depth;
+    Bound bound;
+    bool  is_pv;

-    uint16_t key16;
-    uint8_t  depth8;
-    uint8_t  genBound8;
-    Move     move16;
-    int16_t  value16;
-    int16_t  eval16;
+    TTData() = delete;
+
+    // clang-format off
+    TTData(Move m, Value v, Value ev, Depth d, Bound b, bool pv) :
+        move(m),
+        value(v),
+        eval(ev),
+        depth(d),
+        bound(b),
+        is_pv(pv) {};
+    // clang-format on
+};
+
+
+// This is used to make racy writes to the global TT.
+struct TTWriter {
+   public:
+    void write(Key k, Value v, bool pv, Bound b, Depth d, Move m, Value ev, uint8_t generation8);
+
+   private:
+    friend class TranspositionTable;
+    TTEntry* entry;
+    TTWriter(TTEntry* tte);
 };


-// A TranspositionTable is an array of Cluster, of size clusterCount. Each
-// cluster consists of ClusterSize number of TTEntry. Each non-empty TTEntry
-// contains information on exactly one position. The size of a Cluster should
-// divide the size of a cache line for best performance, as the cacheline is
-// prefetched when possible.
 class TranspositionTable {

-    static constexpr int ClusterSize = 3;
-
-    struct Cluster {
-        TTEntry entry[ClusterSize];
-        char    padding[2];  // Pad to 32 bytes
-    };
-
-    static_assert(sizeof(Cluster) == 32, "Unexpected Cluster size");
-
-    // Constants used to refresh the hash table periodically
-
-    // We have 8 bits available where the lowest 3 bits are
-    // reserved for other things.
-    static constexpr unsigned GENERATION_BITS = 3;
-    // increment for generation field
-    static constexpr int GENERATION_DELTA = (1 << GENERATION_BITS);
-    // cycle length
-    static constexpr int GENERATION_CYCLE = 255 + GENERATION_DELTA;
-    // mask to pull out generation number
-    static constexpr int GENERATION_MASK = (0xFF << GENERATION_BITS) & 0xFF;
-
   public:
    ~TranspositionTable() { aligned_large_pages_free(table); }

-    void new_search() {
-        // increment by delta to keep lower bits as is
-        generation8 += GENERATION_DELTA;
-    }
+    void resize(size_t mbSize, ThreadPool& threads);  // Set TT size
+    void clear(ThreadPool& threads);                  // Re-initialize memory, multithreaded
+    int  hashfull(int maxAge = 0)
+      const;  // Approximate what fraction of entries (permille) have been written to during this root search

-    TTEntry* probe(const Key key, bool& found) const;
-    int      hashfull() const;
-    void     resize(size_t mbSize, int threadCount);
-    void     clear(size_t threadCount);
-
-    TTEntry* first_entry(const Key key) const {
-        return &table[mul_hi64(key, clusterCount)].entry[0];
-    }
-
-    uint8_t generation() const { return generation8; }
+    void
+    new_search();  // This must be called at the beginning of each root search to track entry aging
+    uint8_t generation() const;  // The current age, used when writing new data to the TT
+    std::tuple<bool, TTData, TTWriter>
+    probe(const Key key) const;  // The main method, whose retvals separate local vs global objects
+    TTEntry* first_entry(const Key key)
+      const;  // This is the hash function; its only external use is memory prefetching.

   private:
    friend struct TTEntry;

    size_t   clusterCount;
-    Cluster* table       = nullptr;
-    uint8_t  generation8 = 0;  // Size must be not bigger than TTEntry::genBound8
+    Cluster* table = nullptr;
+
+    uint8_t generation8 = 0;  // Size must be not bigger than TTEntry::genBound8
 };

 }  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <map>
+#include <optional>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>

@@ -33,19 +34,19 @@ namespace Stockfish {
 bool          Tune::update_on_last;
 const Option* LastOption = nullptr;
 OptionsMap*   Tune::options;
-
-
 namespace {
 std::map<std::string, int> TuneResults;

-void on_tune(const Option& o) {
+std::optional<std::string> on_tune(const Option& o) {

    if (!Tune::update_on_last || LastOption == &o)
        Tune::read_options();
+
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
 }

-
-void make_option(OptionsMap* options, const string& n, int v, const SetRange& r) {
+void Tune::make_option(OptionsMap* opts, const string& n, int v, const SetRange& r) {

    // Do not generate option when there is nothing to tune (ie. min = max)
    if (r(v).first == r(v).second)
@@ -54,15 +55,17 @@ void make_option(OptionsMap* options, const string& n, int v, const SetRange& r)
    if (TuneResults.count(n))
        v = TuneResults[n];

-    (*options)[n] << Option(v, r(v).first, r(v).second, on_tune);
-    LastOption = &((*options)[n]);
+    opts->add(n, Option(v, r(v).first, r(v).second, on_tune));
+    LastOption = &((*opts)[n]);

    // Print formatted parameters, ready to be copy-pasted in Fishtest
-    std::cout << n << "," << v << "," << r(v).first << "," << r(v).second << ","
-              << (r(v).second - r(v).first) / 20.0 << ","
+    std::cout << n << ","                                  //
+              << v << ","                                  //
+              << r(v).first << ","                         //
+              << r(v).second << ","                        //
+              << (r(v).second - r(v).first) / 20.0 << ","  //
              << "0.0020" << std::endl;
 }
-}

 string Tune::next(string& names, bool pop) {

@@ -118,7 +121,6 @@ void Tune::Entry<Tune::PostUpdate>::read_option() {

 namespace Stockfish {

-void Tune::read_results() { /* ...insert your values here... */
-}
+void Tune::read_results() { /* ...insert your values here... */ }

 }  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -145,6 +145,8 @@ class Tune {
        return add(value, (next(names), std::move(names)), args...);
    }

+    static void make_option(OptionsMap* options, const std::string& n, int v, const SetRange& r);
+
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<EntryBase>> list;

   public:
@@ -158,7 +160,7 @@ class Tune {
        for (auto& e : instance().list)
            e->init_option();
        read_options();
-    }  // Deferred, due to UCI::Options access
+    }  // Deferred, due to UCIEngine::Options access
    static void read_options() {
        for (auto& e : instance().list)
            e->read_option();
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -137,9 +137,9 @@ enum Bound {
    BOUND_EXACT = BOUND_UPPER | BOUND_LOWER
 };

-// Value is used as an alias for int16_t, this is done to differentiate between
-// a search value and any other integer value. The values used in search are always
-// supposed to be in the range (-VALUE_NONE, VALUE_NONE] and should not exceed this range.
+// Value is used as an alias for int, this is done to differentiate between a search
+// value and any other integer value. The values used in search are always supposed
+// to be in the range (-VALUE_NONE, VALUE_NONE] and should not exceed this range.
 using Value = int;

 constexpr Value VALUE_ZERO     = 0;
@@ -155,6 +155,21 @@ constexpr Value VALUE_TB                 = VALUE_MATE_IN_MAX_PLY - 1;
 constexpr Value VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY  = VALUE_TB - MAX_PLY;
 constexpr Value VALUE_TB_LOSS_IN_MAX_PLY = -VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY;

+
+constexpr bool is_valid(Value value) { return value != VALUE_NONE; }
+
+constexpr bool is_win(Value value) {
+    assert(is_valid(value));
+    return value >= VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY;
+}
+
+constexpr bool is_loss(Value value) {
+    assert(is_valid(value));
+    return value <= VALUE_TB_LOSS_IN_MAX_PLY;
+}
+
+constexpr bool is_decisive(Value value) { return is_win(value) || is_loss(value); }
+
 // In the code, we make the assumption that these values
 // are such that non_pawn_material() can be used to uniquely
 // identify the material on the board.
@@ -187,12 +202,21 @@ constexpr Value PieceValue[PIECE_NB] = {
 using Depth = int;

 enum : int {
-    DEPTH_QS_CHECKS    = 0,
-    DEPTH_QS_NO_CHECKS = -1,
-
-    DEPTH_NONE = -6,
-
-    DEPTH_OFFSET = -7  // value used only for TT entry occupancy check
+    // The following DEPTH_ constants are used for transposition table entries
+    // and quiescence search move generation stages. In regular search, the
+    // depth stored in the transposition table is literal: the search depth
+    // (effort) used to make the corresponding transposition table value. In
+    // quiescence search, however, the transposition table entries only store
+    // the current quiescence move generation stage (which should thus compare
+    // lower than any regular search depth).
+    DEPTH_QS = 0,
+    // For transposition table entries where no searching at all was done
+    // (whether regular or qsearch) we use DEPTH_UNSEARCHED, which should thus
+    // compare lower than any quiescence or regular depth. DEPTH_ENTRY_OFFSET
+    // is used only for the transposition table entry occupancy check (see tt.cpp),
+    // and should thus be lower than DEPTH_UNSEARCHED.
+    DEPTH_UNSEARCHED   = -2,
+    DEPTH_ENTRY_OFFSET = -3
 };

 // clang-format off
@@ -351,9 +375,10 @@ enum MoveType {
 // bit 14-15: special move flag: promotion (1), en passant (2), castling (3)
 // NOTE: en passant bit is set only when a pawn can be captured
 //
-// Special cases are Move::none() and Move::null(). We can sneak these in because in
-// any normal move destination square is always different from origin square
-// while Move::none() and Move::null() have the same origin and destination square.
+// Special cases are Move::none() and Move::null(). We can sneak these in because
+// in any normal move the destination square and origin square are always different,
+// but Move::none() and Move::null() have the same origin and destination square.
+
 class Move {
   public:
    Move() = default;
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -19,92 +19,74 @@
 #include "uci.h"

 #include <algorithm>
-#include <cassert>
 #include <cctype>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <deque>
-#include <memory>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <optional>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>

 #include "benchmark.h"
-#include "evaluate.h"
+#include "engine.h"
+#include "memory.h"
 #include "movegen.h"
-#include "nnue/network.h"
-#include "nnue/nnue_common.h"
-#include "perft.h"
 #include "position.h"
+#include "score.h"
 #include "search.h"
-#include "syzygy/tbprobe.h"
 #include "types.h"
 #include "ucioption.h"

 namespace Stockfish {

-constexpr auto StartFEN  = "rnbqkbnr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 0 1";
-constexpr int  MaxHashMB = Is64Bit ? 33554432 : 2048;
+constexpr auto BenchmarkCommand = "speedtest";

+constexpr auto StartFEN = "rnbqkbnr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 0 1";
+template<typename... Ts>
+struct overload: Ts... {
+    using Ts::operator()...;
+};

-namespace NN = Eval::NNUE;
+template<typename... Ts>
+overload(Ts...) -> overload<Ts...>;

-
-UCI::UCI(int argc, char** argv) :
-    networks(NN::Networks(
-      NN::NetworkBig({EvalFileDefaultNameBig, "None", ""}, NN::EmbeddedNNUEType::BIG),
-      NN::NetworkSmall({EvalFileDefaultNameSmall, "None", ""}, NN::EmbeddedNNUEType::SMALL))),
-    cli(argc, argv) {
-
-    options["Debug Log File"] << Option("", [](const Option& o) { start_logger(o); });
-
-    options["Threads"] << Option(1, 1, 1024, [this](const Option&) {
-        threads.set({options, threads, tt, networks});
-    });
-
-    options["Hash"] << Option(16, 1, MaxHashMB, [this](const Option& o) {
-        threads.main_thread()->wait_for_search_finished();
-        tt.resize(o, options["Threads"]);
-    });
-
-    options["Clear Hash"] << Option([this](const Option&) { search_clear(); });
-    options["Ponder"] << Option(false);
-    options["MultiPV"] << Option(1, 1, MAX_MOVES);
-    options["Skill Level"] << Option(20, 0, 20);
-    options["Move Overhead"] << Option(10, 0, 5000);
-    options["nodestime"] << Option(0, 0, 10000);
-    options["UCI_Chess960"] << Option(false);
-    options["UCI_LimitStrength"] << Option(false);
-    options["UCI_Elo"] << Option(1320, 1320, 3190);
-    options["UCI_ShowWDL"] << Option(false);
-    options["SyzygyPath"] << Option("<empty>", [](const Option& o) { Tablebases::init(o); });
-    options["SyzygyProbeDepth"] << Option(1, 1, 100);
-    options["Syzygy50MoveRule"] << Option(true);
-    options["SyzygyProbeLimit"] << Option(7, 0, 7);
-    options["EvalFile"] << Option(EvalFileDefaultNameBig, [this](const Option& o) {
-        networks.big.load(cli.binaryDirectory, o);
-    });
-    options["EvalFileSmall"] << Option(EvalFileDefaultNameSmall, [this](const Option& o) {
-        networks.small.load(cli.binaryDirectory, o);
-    });
-
-    networks.big.load(cli.binaryDirectory, options["EvalFile"]);
-    networks.small.load(cli.binaryDirectory, options["EvalFileSmall"]);
-
-    threads.set({options, threads, tt, networks});
-
-    search_clear();  // After threads are up
+void UCIEngine::print_info_string(std::string_view str) {
+    sync_cout_start();
+    for (auto& line : split(str, "\n"))
+    {
+        if (!is_whitespace(line))
+        {
+            std::cout << "info string " << line << '\n';
+        }
+    }
+    sync_cout_end();
 }

-void UCI::loop() {
+UCIEngine::UCIEngine(int argc, char** argv) :
+    engine(argv[0]),
+    cli(argc, argv) {

-    Position     pos;
-    std::string  token, cmd;
-    StateListPtr states(new std::deque<StateInfo>(1));
+    engine.get_options().add_info_listener([](const std::optional<std::string>& str) {
+        if (str.has_value())
+            print_info_string(*str);
+    });

-    pos.set(StartFEN, false, &states->back());
+    init_search_update_listeners();
+}
+
+void UCIEngine::init_search_update_listeners() {
+    engine.set_on_iter([](const auto& i) { on_iter(i); });
+    engine.set_on_update_no_moves([](const auto& i) { on_update_no_moves(i); });
+    engine.set_on_update_full(
+      [this](const auto& i) { on_update_full(i, engine.get_options()["UCI_ShowWDL"]); });
+    engine.set_on_bestmove([](const auto& bm, const auto& p) { on_bestmove(bm, p); });
+    engine.set_on_verify_networks([](const auto& s) { print_info_string(s); });
+}
+
+void UCIEngine::loop() {
+    std::string token, cmd;

    for (int i = 1; i < cli.argc; ++i)
        cmd += std::string(cli.argv[i]) + " ";
@@ -121,40 +103,51 @@ void UCI::loop() {
        is >> std::skipws >> token;

        if (token == "quit" || token == "stop")
-            threads.stop = true;
+            engine.stop();

        // The GUI sends 'ponderhit' to tell that the user has played the expected move.
        // So, 'ponderhit' is sent if pondering was done on the same move that the user
        // has played. The search should continue, but should also switch from pondering
        // to the normal search.
        else if (token == "ponderhit")
-            threads.main_manager()->ponder = false;  // Switch to the normal search
+            engine.set_ponderhit(false);

        else if (token == "uci")
+        {
            sync_cout << "id name " << engine_info(true) << "\n"
-                      << options << "\nuciok" << sync_endl;
+                      << engine.get_options() << sync_endl;
+
+            sync_cout << "uciok" << sync_endl;
+        }

        else if (token == "setoption")
            setoption(is);
        else if (token == "go")
-            go(pos, is, states);
+        {
+            // send info strings after the go command is sent for old GUIs and python-chess
+            print_info_string(engine.numa_config_information_as_string());
+            print_info_string(engine.thread_allocation_information_as_string());
+            go(is);
+        }
        else if (token == "position")
-            position(pos, is, states);
+            position(is);
        else if (token == "ucinewgame")
-            search_clear();
+            engine.search_clear();
        else if (token == "isready")
            sync_cout << "readyok" << sync_endl;

        // Add custom non-UCI commands, mainly for debugging purposes.
        // These commands must not be used during a search!
        else if (token == "flip")
-            pos.flip();
+            engine.flip();
        else if (token == "bench")
-            bench(pos, is, states);
+            bench(is);
+        else if (token == BenchmarkCommand)
+            benchmark(is);
        else if (token == "d")
-            sync_cout << pos << sync_endl;
+            sync_cout << engine.visualize() << sync_endl;
        else if (token == "eval")
-            trace_eval(pos);
+            engine.trace_eval();
        else if (token == "compiler")
            sync_cout << compiler_info() << sync_endl;
        else if (token == "export_net")
@@ -167,8 +160,7 @@ void UCI::loop() {
            if (is >> std::skipws >> files[1].second)
                files[1].first = files[1].second;

-            networks.big.save(files[0].first);
-            networks.small.save(files[1].first);
+            engine.save_network(files);
        }
        else if (token == "--help" || token == "help" || token == "--license" || token == "license")
            sync_cout
@@ -186,7 +178,7 @@ void UCI::loop() {
    } while (token != "quit" && cli.argc == 1);  // The command-line arguments are one-shot
 }

-Search::LimitsType UCI::parse_limits(const Position& pos, std::istream& is) {
+Search::LimitsType UCIEngine::parse_limits(std::istream& is) {
    Search::LimitsType limits;
    std::string        token;

@@ -195,7 +187,7 @@ Search::LimitsType UCI::parse_limits(const Position& pos, std::istream& is) {
    while (is >> token)
        if (token == "searchmoves")  // Needs to be the last command on the line
            while (is >> token)
-                limits.searchmoves.push_back(to_move(pos, token));
+                limits.searchmoves.push_back(to_lower(token));

        else if (token == "wtime")
            is >> limits.time[WHITE];
@@ -225,27 +217,28 @@ Search::LimitsType UCI::parse_limits(const Position& pos, std::istream& is) {
    return limits;
 }

-void UCI::go(Position& pos, std::istringstream& is, StateListPtr& states) {
+void UCIEngine::go(std::istringstream& is) {

-    Search::LimitsType limits = parse_limits(pos, is);
-
-    networks.big.verify(options["EvalFile"]);
-    networks.small.verify(options["EvalFileSmall"]);
+    Search::LimitsType limits = parse_limits(is);

    if (limits.perft)
-    {
-        perft(pos.fen(), limits.perft, options["UCI_Chess960"]);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    threads.start_thinking(options, pos, states, limits);
+        perft(limits);
+    else
+        engine.go(limits);
 }

-void UCI::bench(Position& pos, std::istream& args, StateListPtr& states) {
+void UCIEngine::bench(std::istream& args) {
    std::string token;
    uint64_t    num, nodes = 0, cnt = 1;
+    uint64_t    nodesSearched = 0;
+    const auto& options       = engine.get_options();

-    std::vector<std::string> list = setup_bench(pos, args);
+    engine.set_on_update_full([&](const auto& i) {
+        nodesSearched = i.nodes;
+        on_update_full(i, options["UCI_ShowWDL"]);
+    });
+
+    std::vector<std::string> list = Benchmark::setup_bench(engine.fen(), args);

    num = count_if(list.begin(), list.end(),
                   [](const std::string& s) { return s.find("go ") == 0 || s.find("eval") == 0; });
@@ -259,24 +252,33 @@ void UCI::bench(Position& pos, std::istream& args, StateListPtr& states) {

        if (token == "go" || token == "eval")
        {
-            std::cerr << "\nPosition: " << cnt++ << '/' << num << " (" << pos.fen() << ")"
+            std::cerr << "\nPosition: " << cnt++ << '/' << num << " (" << engine.fen() << ")"
                      << std::endl;
            if (token == "go")
            {
-                go(pos, is, states);
-                threads.main_thread()->wait_for_search_finished();
-                nodes += threads.nodes_searched();
+                Search::LimitsType limits = parse_limits(is);
+
+                if (limits.perft)
+                    nodesSearched = perft(limits);
+                else
+                {
+                    engine.go(limits);
+                    engine.wait_for_search_finished();
+                }
+
+                nodes += nodesSearched;
+                nodesSearched = 0;
            }
            else
-                trace_eval(pos);
+                engine.trace_eval();
        }
        else if (token == "setoption")
            setoption(is);
        else if (token == "position")
-            position(pos, is, states);
+            position(is);
        else if (token == "ucinewgame")
        {
-            search_clear();  // Search::clear() may take a while
+            engine.search_clear();  // search_clear may take a while
            elapsed = now();
        }
    }
@@ -285,38 +287,191 @@ void UCI::bench(Position& pos, std::istream& args, StateListPtr& states) {

    dbg_print();

-    std::cerr << "\n==========================="
-              << "\nTotal time (ms) : " << elapsed << "\nNodes searched  : " << nodes
+    std::cerr << "\n==========================="    //
+              << "\nTotal time (ms) : " << elapsed  //
+              << "\nNodes searched  : " << nodes    //
              << "\nNodes/second    : " << 1000 * nodes / elapsed << std::endl;
+
+    // reset callback, to not capture a dangling reference to nodesSearched
+    engine.set_on_update_full([&](const auto& i) { on_update_full(i, options["UCI_ShowWDL"]); });
 }

-void UCI::trace_eval(Position& pos) {
-    StateListPtr states(new std::deque<StateInfo>(1));
-    Position     p;
-    p.set(pos.fen(), options["UCI_Chess960"], &states->back());
+void UCIEngine::benchmark(std::istream& args) {
+    // Probably not very important for a test this long, but include for completeness and sanity.
+    static constexpr int NUM_WARMUP_POSITIONS = 3;

-    networks.big.verify(options["EvalFile"]);
-    networks.small.verify(options["EvalFileSmall"]);
+    std::string token;
+    uint64_t    nodes = 0, cnt = 1;
+    uint64_t    nodesSearched = 0;

+    engine.set_on_update_full([&](const Engine::InfoFull& i) { nodesSearched = i.nodes; });

-    sync_cout << "\n" << Eval::trace(p, networks) << sync_endl;
+    engine.set_on_iter([](const auto&) {});
+    engine.set_on_update_no_moves([](const auto&) {});
+    engine.set_on_bestmove([](const auto&, const auto&) {});
+    engine.set_on_verify_networks([](const auto&) {});
+
+    Benchmark::BenchmarkSetup setup = Benchmark::setup_benchmark(args);
+
+    const int numGoCommands = count_if(setup.commands.begin(), setup.commands.end(),
+                                       [](const std::string& s) { return s.find("go ") == 0; });
+
+    TimePoint totalTime = 0;
+
+    // Set options once at the start.
+    auto ss = std::istringstream("name Threads value " + std::to_string(setup.threads));
+    setoption(ss);
+    ss = std::istringstream("name Hash value " + std::to_string(setup.ttSize));
+    setoption(ss);
+    ss = std::istringstream("name UCI_Chess960 value false");
+    setoption(ss);
+
+    // Warmup
+    for (const auto& cmd : setup.commands)
+    {
+        std::istringstream is(cmd);
+        is >> std::skipws >> token;
+
+        if (token == "go")
+        {
+            // One new line is produced by the search, so omit it here
+            std::cerr << "\rWarmup position " << cnt++ << '/' << NUM_WARMUP_POSITIONS;
+
+            Search::LimitsType limits = parse_limits(is);
+
+            TimePoint elapsed = now();
+
+            // Run with silenced network verification
+            engine.go(limits);
+            engine.wait_for_search_finished();
+
+            totalTime += now() - elapsed;
+
+            nodes += nodesSearched;
+            nodesSearched = 0;
+        }
+        else if (token == "position")
+            position(is);
+        else if (token == "ucinewgame")
+        {
+            engine.search_clear();  // search_clear may take a while
+        }
+
+        if (cnt > NUM_WARMUP_POSITIONS)
+            break;
+    }
+
+    std::cerr << "\n";
+
+    cnt   = 1;
+    nodes = 0;
+
+    int           numHashfullReadings = 0;
+    constexpr int hashfullAges[]      = {0, 999};  // Only normal hashfull and touched hash.
+    int           totalHashfull[std::size(hashfullAges)] = {0};
+    int           maxHashfull[std::size(hashfullAges)]   = {0};
+
+    auto updateHashfullReadings = [&]() {
+        numHashfullReadings += 1;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(std::size(hashfullAges)); ++i)
+        {
+            const int hashfull = engine.get_hashfull(hashfullAges[i]);
+            maxHashfull[i]     = std::max(maxHashfull[i], hashfull);
+            totalHashfull[i] += hashfull;
+        }
+    };
+
+    engine.search_clear();  // search_clear may take a while
+
+    for (const auto& cmd : setup.commands)
+    {
+        std::istringstream is(cmd);
+        is >> std::skipws >> token;
+
+        if (token == "go")
+        {
+            // One new line is produced by the search, so omit it here
+            std::cerr << "\rPosition " << cnt++ << '/' << numGoCommands;
+
+            Search::LimitsType limits = parse_limits(is);
+
+            TimePoint elapsed = now();
+
+            // Run with silenced network verification
+            engine.go(limits);
+            engine.wait_for_search_finished();
+
+            totalTime += now() - elapsed;
+
+            updateHashfullReadings();
+
+            nodes += nodesSearched;
+            nodesSearched = 0;
+        }
+        else if (token == "position")
+            position(is);
+        else if (token == "ucinewgame")
+        {
+            engine.search_clear();  // search_clear may take a while
+        }
+    }
+
+    totalTime = std::max<TimePoint>(totalTime, 1);  // Ensure positivity to avoid a 'divide by zero'
+
+    dbg_print();
+
+    std::cerr << "\n";
+
+    static_assert(
+      std::size(hashfullAges) == 2 && hashfullAges[0] == 0 && hashfullAges[1] == 999,
+      "Hardcoded for display. Would complicate the code needlessly in the current state.");
+
+    std::string threadBinding = engine.thread_binding_information_as_string();
+    if (threadBinding.empty())
+        threadBinding = "none";
+
+    // clang-format off
+
+    std::cerr << "==========================="
+              << "\nVersion                    : "
+              << engine_version_info()
+              // "\nCompiled by                : "
+              << compiler_info()
+              << "Large pages                : " << (has_large_pages() ? "yes" : "no")
+              << "\nUser invocation            : " << BenchmarkCommand << " "
+              << setup.originalInvocation << "\nFilled invocation          : " << BenchmarkCommand
+              << " " << setup.filledInvocation
+              << "\nAvailable processors       : " << engine.get_numa_config_as_string()
+              << "\nThread count               : " << setup.threads
+              << "\nThread binding             : " << threadBinding
+              << "\nTT size [MiB]              : " << setup.ttSize
+              << "\nHash max, avg [per mille]  : "
+              << "\n    single search          : " << maxHashfull[0] << ", "
+              << totalHashfull[0] / numHashfullReadings
+              << "\n    single game            : " << maxHashfull[1] << ", "
+              << totalHashfull[1] / numHashfullReadings
+              << "\nTotal nodes searched       : " << nodes
+              << "\nTotal search time [s]      : " << totalTime / 1000.0
+              << "\nNodes/second               : " << 1000 * nodes / totalTime << std::endl;
+
+    // clang-format on
+
+    init_search_update_listeners();
 }

-void UCI::search_clear() {
-    threads.main_thread()->wait_for_search_finished();
-
-    tt.clear(options["Threads"]);
-    threads.clear();
-    Tablebases::init(options["SyzygyPath"]);  // Free mapped files
+void UCIEngine::setoption(std::istringstream& is) {
+    engine.wait_for_search_finished();
+    engine.get_options().setoption(is);
 }

-void UCI::setoption(std::istringstream& is) {
-    threads.main_thread()->wait_for_search_finished();
-    options.setoption(is);
+std::uint64_t UCIEngine::perft(const Search::LimitsType& limits) {
+    auto nodes = engine.perft(engine.fen(), limits.perft, engine.get_options()["UCI_Chess960"]);
+    sync_cout << "\nNodes searched: " << nodes << "\n" << sync_endl;
+    return nodes;
 }

-void UCI::position(Position& pos, std::istringstream& is, StateListPtr& states) {
-    Move        m;
+void UCIEngine::position(std::istringstream& is) {
    std::string token, fen;

    is >> token;
@@ -332,15 +487,14 @@ void UCI::position(Position& pos, std::istringstream& is, StateListPtr& states)
    else
        return;

-    states = StateListPtr(new std::deque<StateInfo>(1));  // Drop the old state and create a new one
-    pos.set(fen, options["UCI_Chess960"], &states->back());
+    std::vector<std::string> moves;

-    // Parse the move list, if any
-    while (is >> token && (m = to_move(pos, token)) != Move::none())
+    while (is >> token)
    {
-        states->emplace_back();
-        pos.do_move(m, states->back());
+        moves.push_back(token);
    }
+
+    engine.set_position(fen, moves);
 }

 namespace {
@@ -355,12 +509,12 @@ WinRateParams win_rate_params(const Position& pos) {
    int material = pos.count<PAWN>() + 3 * pos.count<KNIGHT>() + 3 * pos.count<BISHOP>()
                 + 5 * pos.count<ROOK>() + 9 * pos.count<QUEEN>();

-    // The fitted model only uses data for material counts in [10, 78], and is anchored at count 58.
-    double m = std::clamp(material, 10, 78) / 58.0;
+    // The fitted model only uses data for material counts in [17, 78], and is anchored at count 58.
+    double m = std::clamp(material, 17, 78) / 58.0;

    // Return a = p_a(material) and b = p_b(material), see github.com/official-stockfish/WDL_model
-    constexpr double as[] = {-185.71965483, 504.85014385, -438.58295743, 474.04604627};
-    constexpr double bs[] = {89.23542728, -137.02141296, 73.28669021, 47.53376190};
+    constexpr double as[] = {-37.45051876, 121.19101539, -132.78783573, 420.70576692};
+    constexpr double bs[] = {90.26261072, -137.26549898, 71.10130540, 51.35259597};

    double a = (((as[0] * m + as[1]) * m + as[2]) * m) + as[3];
    double b = (((bs[0] * m + bs[1]) * m + bs[2]) * m) + bs[3];
@@ -379,30 +533,30 @@ int win_rate_model(Value v, const Position& pos) {
 }
 }

-std::string UCI::to_score(Value v, const Position& pos) {
-    assert(-VALUE_INFINITE < v && v < VALUE_INFINITE);
+std::string UCIEngine::format_score(const Score& s) {
+    constexpr int TB_CP = 20000;
+    const auto    format =
+      overload{[](Score::Mate mate) -> std::string {
+                   auto m = (mate.plies > 0 ? (mate.plies + 1) : mate.plies) / 2;
+                   return std::string("mate ") + std::to_string(m);
+               },
+               [](Score::Tablebase tb) -> std::string {
+                   return std::string("cp ")
+                        + std::to_string((tb.win ? TB_CP - tb.plies : -TB_CP - tb.plies));
+               },
+               [](Score::InternalUnits units) -> std::string {
+                   return std::string("cp ") + std::to_string(units.value);
+               }};

-    std::stringstream ss;
-
-    if (std::abs(v) < VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY)
-        ss << "cp " << to_cp(v, pos);
-    else if (std::abs(v) <= VALUE_TB)
-    {
-        const int ply = VALUE_TB - std::abs(v);  // recompute ss->ply
-        ss << "cp " << (v > 0 ? 20000 - ply : -20000 + ply);
-    }
-    else
-        ss << "mate " << (v > 0 ? VALUE_MATE - v + 1 : -VALUE_MATE - v) / 2;
-
-    return ss.str();
+    return s.visit(format);
 }

 // Turns a Value to an integer centipawn number,
 // without treatment of mate and similar special scores.
-int UCI::to_cp(Value v, const Position& pos) {
+int UCIEngine::to_cp(Value v, const Position& pos) {

-    // In general, the score can be defined via the the WDL as
-    // (log(1/L - 1) - log(1/W - 1)) / ((log(1/L - 1) + log(1/W - 1))
+    // In general, the score can be defined via the WDL as
+    // (log(1/L - 1) - log(1/W - 1)) / (log(1/L - 1) + log(1/W - 1)).
    // Based on our win_rate_model, this simply yields v / a.

    auto [a, b] = win_rate_params(pos);
@@ -410,22 +564,22 @@ int UCI::to_cp(Value v, const Position& pos) {
    return std::round(100 * int(v) / a);
 }

-std::string UCI::wdl(Value v, const Position& pos) {
+std::string UCIEngine::wdl(Value v, const Position& pos) {
    std::stringstream ss;

    int wdl_w = win_rate_model(v, pos);
    int wdl_l = win_rate_model(-v, pos);
    int wdl_d = 1000 - wdl_w - wdl_l;
-    ss << " wdl " << wdl_w << " " << wdl_d << " " << wdl_l;
+    ss << wdl_w << " " << wdl_d << " " << wdl_l;

    return ss.str();
 }

-std::string UCI::square(Square s) {
+std::string UCIEngine::square(Square s) {
    return std::string{char('a' + file_of(s)), char('1' + rank_of(s))};
 }

-std::string UCI::move(Move m, bool chess960) {
+std::string UCIEngine::move(Move m, bool chess960) {
    if (m == Move::none())
        return "(none)";

@@ -447,9 +601,14 @@ std::string UCI::move(Move m, bool chess960) {
 }


-Move UCI::to_move(const Position& pos, std::string& str) {
-    if (str.length() == 5)
-        str[4] = char(tolower(str[4]));  // The promotion piece character must be lowercased
+std::string UCIEngine::to_lower(std::string str) {
+    std::transform(str.begin(), str.end(), str.begin(), [](auto c) { return std::tolower(c); });
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+Move UCIEngine::to_move(const Position& pos, std::string str) {
+    str = to_lower(str);

    for (const auto& m : MoveList<LEGAL>(pos))
        if (str == move(m, pos.is_chess960()))
@@ -458,4 +617,51 @@ Move UCI::to_move(const Position& pos, std::string& str) {
    return Move::none();
 }

+void UCIEngine::on_update_no_moves(const Engine::InfoShort& info) {
+    sync_cout << "info depth " << info.depth << " score " << format_score(info.score) << sync_endl;
+}
+
+void UCIEngine::on_update_full(const Engine::InfoFull& info, bool showWDL) {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+
+    ss << "info";
+    ss << " depth " << info.depth                 //
+       << " seldepth " << info.selDepth           //
+       << " multipv " << info.multiPV             //
+       << " score " << format_score(info.score);  //
+
+    if (showWDL)
+        ss << " wdl " << info.wdl;
+
+    if (!info.bound.empty())
+        ss << " " << info.bound;
+
+    ss << " nodes " << info.nodes        //
+       << " nps " << info.nps            //
+       << " hashfull " << info.hashfull  //
+       << " tbhits " << info.tbHits      //
+       << " time " << info.timeMs        //
+       << " pv " << info.pv;             //
+
+    sync_cout << ss.str() << sync_endl;
+}
+
+void UCIEngine::on_iter(const Engine::InfoIter& info) {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+
+    ss << "info";
+    ss << " depth " << info.depth                     //
+       << " currmove " << info.currmove               //
+       << " currmovenumber " << info.currmovenumber;  //
+
+    sync_cout << ss.str() << sync_endl;
+}
+
+void UCIEngine::on_bestmove(std::string_view bestmove, std::string_view ponder) {
+    sync_cout << "bestmove " << bestmove;
+    if (!ponder.empty())
+        std::cout << " ponder " << ponder;
+    std::cout << sync_endl;
+}
+
 }  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -19,54 +19,60 @@
 #ifndef UCI_H_INCLUDED
 #define UCI_H_INCLUDED

+#include <cstdint>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>

+#include "engine.h"
 #include "misc.h"
-#include "nnue/network.h"
-#include "position.h"
 #include "search.h"
-#include "thread.h"
-#include "tt.h"
-#include "ucioption.h"

 namespace Stockfish {

+class Position;
 class Move;
+class Score;
 enum Square : int;
 using Value = int;

-class UCI {
+class UCIEngine {
   public:
-    UCI(int argc, char** argv);
+    UCIEngine(int argc, char** argv);

    void loop();

    static int         to_cp(Value v, const Position& pos);
-    static std::string to_score(Value v, const Position& pos);
+    static std::string format_score(const Score& s);
    static std::string square(Square s);
    static std::string move(Move m, bool chess960);
    static std::string wdl(Value v, const Position& pos);
-    static Move        to_move(const Position& pos, std::string& str);
+    static std::string to_lower(std::string str);
+    static Move        to_move(const Position& pos, std::string str);

-    static Search::LimitsType parse_limits(const Position& pos, std::istream& is);
+    static Search::LimitsType parse_limits(std::istream& is);

-    const std::string& working_directory() const { return cli.workingDirectory; }
-
-    OptionsMap           options;
-    Eval::NNUE::Networks networks;
+    auto& engine_options() { return engine.get_options(); }

   private:
-    TranspositionTable tt;
-    ThreadPool         threads;
-    CommandLine        cli;
+    Engine      engine;
+    CommandLine cli;

-    void go(Position& pos, std::istringstream& is, StateListPtr& states);
-    void bench(Position& pos, std::istream& args, StateListPtr& states);
-    void position(Position& pos, std::istringstream& is, StateListPtr& states);
-    void trace_eval(Position& pos);
-    void search_clear();
-    void setoption(std::istringstream& is);
+    static void print_info_string(std::string_view str);
+
+    void          go(std::istringstream& is);
+    void          bench(std::istream& args);
+    void          benchmark(std::istream& args);
+    void          position(std::istringstream& is);
+    void          setoption(std::istringstream& is);
+    std::uint64_t perft(const Search::LimitsType&);
+
+    static void on_update_no_moves(const Engine::InfoShort& info);
+    static void on_update_full(const Engine::InfoFull& info, bool showWDL);
+    static void on_iter(const Engine::InfoIter& info);
+    static void on_bestmove(std::string_view bestmove, std::string_view ponder);
+
+    void init_search_update_listeners();
 };

 }  // namespace Stockfish
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cctype>
+#include <cstdlib>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <utility>
@@ -36,6 +37,8 @@ bool CaseInsensitiveLess::operator()(const std::string& s1, const std::string& s
      [](char c1, char c2) { return std::tolower(c1) < std::tolower(c2); });
 }

+void OptionsMap::add_info_listener(InfoListener&& message_func) { info = std::move(message_func); }
+
 void OptionsMap::setoption(std::istringstream& is) {
    std::string token, name, value;

@@ -55,15 +58,36 @@ void OptionsMap::setoption(std::istringstream& is) {
        sync_cout << "No such option: " << name << sync_endl;
 }

-Option OptionsMap::operator[](const std::string& name) const {
+const Option& OptionsMap::operator[](const std::string& name) const {
    auto it = options_map.find(name);
-    return it != options_map.end() ? it->second : Option();
+    assert(it != options_map.end());
+    return it->second;
+}
+
+// Inits options and assigns idx in the correct printing order
+void OptionsMap::add(const std::string& name, const Option& option) {
+    if (!options_map.count(name))
+    {
+        static size_t insert_order = 0;
+
+        options_map[name] = option;
+
+        options_map[name].parent = this;
+        options_map[name].idx    = insert_order++;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        std::cerr << "Option \"" << name << "\" was already added!" << std::endl;
+        std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
 }

-Option& OptionsMap::operator[](const std::string& name) { return options_map[name]; }

 std::size_t OptionsMap::count(const std::string& name) const { return options_map.count(name); }

+Option::Option(const OptionsMap* map) :
+    parent(map) {}
+
 Option::Option(const char* v, OnChange f) :
    type("string"),
    min(0),
@@ -118,16 +142,7 @@ bool Option::operator==(const char* s) const {
    return !CaseInsensitiveLess()(currentValue, s) && !CaseInsensitiveLess()(s, currentValue);
 }

-
-// Inits options and assigns idx in the correct printing order
-
-void Option::operator<<(const Option& o) {
-
-    static size_t insert_order = 0;
-
-    *this = o;
-    idx   = insert_order++;
-}
+bool Option::operator!=(const char* s) const { return !(*this == s); }


 // Updates currentValue and triggers on_change() action. It's up to
@@ -148,16 +163,23 @@ Option& Option::operator=(const std::string& v) {
        std::string        token;
        std::istringstream ss(defaultValue);
        while (ss >> token)
-            comboMap[token] << Option();
+            comboMap.add(token, Option());
        if (!comboMap.count(v) || v == "var")
            return *this;
    }

-    if (type != "button")
+    if (type == "string")
+        currentValue = v == "<empty>" ? "" : v;
+    else if (type != "button")
        currentValue = v;

    if (on_change)
-        on_change(*this);
+    {
+        const auto ret = on_change(*this);
+
+        if (ret && parent != nullptr && parent->info != nullptr)
+            parent->info(ret);
+    }

    return *this;
 }
@@ -170,10 +192,16 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const OptionsMap& om) {
                const Option& o = it.second;
                os << "\noption name " << it.first << " type " << o.type;

-                if (o.type == "string" || o.type == "check" || o.type == "combo")
+                if (o.type == "check" || o.type == "combo")
                    os << " default " << o.defaultValue;

-                if (o.type == "spin")
+                else if (o.type == "string")
+                {
+                    std::string defaultValue = o.defaultValue.empty() ? "<empty>" : o.defaultValue;
+                    os << " default " << defaultValue;
+                }
+
+                else if (o.type == "spin")
                    os << " default " << int(stof(o.defaultValue)) << " min " << o.min << " max "
                       << o.max;

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
-  Copyright (C) 2004-2024 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
+  Copyright (C) 2004-2025 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <iosfwd>
 #include <map>
+#include <optional>
 #include <string>

 namespace Stockfish {
@@ -31,31 +32,14 @@ struct CaseInsensitiveLess {
    bool operator()(const std::string&, const std::string&) const;
 };

-class Option;
-
-class OptionsMap {
-   public:
-    void setoption(std::istringstream&);
-
-    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const OptionsMap&);
-
-    Option  operator[](const std::string&) const;
-    Option& operator[](const std::string&);
-
-    std::size_t count(const std::string&) const;
-
-   private:
-    // The options container is defined as a std::map
-    using OptionsStore = std::map<std::string, Option, CaseInsensitiveLess>;
-
-    OptionsStore options_map;
-};
+class OptionsMap;

 // The Option class implements each option as specified by the UCI protocol
 class Option {
   public:
-    using OnChange = std::function<void(const Option&)>;
+    using OnChange = std::function<std::optional<std::string>(const Option&)>;

+    Option(const OptionsMap*);
    Option(OnChange = nullptr);
    Option(bool v, OnChange = nullptr);
    Option(const char* v, OnChange = nullptr);
@@ -63,18 +47,59 @@ class Option {
    Option(const char* v, const char* cur, OnChange = nullptr);

    Option& operator=(const std::string&);
-    void    operator<<(const Option&);
    operator int() const;
    operator std::string() const;
    bool operator==(const char*) const;
+    bool operator!=(const char*) const;

    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const OptionsMap&);

+    int operator<<(const Option&) = delete;
+
   private:
-    std::string defaultValue, currentValue, type;
-    int         min, max;
-    size_t      idx;
-    OnChange    on_change;
+    friend class OptionsMap;
+    friend class Engine;
+    friend class Tune;
+
+
+    std::string       defaultValue, currentValue, type;
+    int               min, max;
+    size_t            idx;
+    OnChange          on_change;
+    const OptionsMap* parent = nullptr;
+};
+
+class OptionsMap {
+   public:
+    using InfoListener = std::function<void(std::optional<std::string>)>;
+
+    OptionsMap()                             = default;
+    OptionsMap(const OptionsMap&)            = delete;
+    OptionsMap(OptionsMap&&)                 = delete;
+    OptionsMap& operator=(const OptionsMap&) = delete;
+    OptionsMap& operator=(OptionsMap&&)      = delete;
+
+    void add_info_listener(InfoListener&&);
+
+    void setoption(std::istringstream&);
+
+    const Option& operator[](const std::string&) const;
+
+    void add(const std::string&, const Option& option);
+
+    std::size_t count(const std::string&) const;
+
+   private:
+    friend class Engine;
+    friend class Option;
+
+    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const OptionsMap&);
+
+    // The options container is defined as a std::map
+    using OptionsStore = std::map<std::string, Option, CaseInsensitiveLess>;
+
+    OptionsStore options_map;
+    InfoListener info;
 };

 }
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+*.sh text eol=lf
@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+import argparse
+import re
+import sys
+import subprocess
+import pathlib
+import os
+
+from testing import (
+    EPD,
+    TSAN,
+    Stockfish as Engine,
+    MiniTestFramework,
+    OrderedClassMembers,
+    Valgrind,
+    Syzygy,
+)
+
+PATH = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+CWD = os.getcwd()
+
+
+def get_prefix():
+    if args.valgrind:
+        return Valgrind.get_valgrind_command()
+    if args.valgrind_thread:
+        return Valgrind.get_valgrind_thread_command()
+
+    return []
+
+
+def get_threads():
+    if args.valgrind_thread or args.sanitizer_thread:
+        return 2
+    return 1
+
+
+def get_path():
+    return os.path.abspath(os.path.join(CWD, args.stockfish_path))
+
+
+def postfix_check(output):
+    if args.sanitizer_undefined:
+        for idx, line in enumerate(output):
+            if "runtime error:" in line:
+                # print next possible 50 lines
+                for i in range(50):
+                    debug_idx = idx + i
+                    if debug_idx < len(output):
+                        print(output[debug_idx])
+                return False
+
+    if args.sanitizer_thread:
+        for idx, line in enumerate(output):
+            if "WARNING: ThreadSanitizer:" in line:
+                # print next possible 50 lines
+                for i in range(50):
+                    debug_idx = idx + i
+                    if debug_idx < len(output):
+                        print(output[debug_idx])
+                return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+def Stockfish(*args, **kwargs):
+    return Engine(get_prefix(), get_path(), *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class TestCLI(metaclass=OrderedClassMembers):
+
+    def beforeAll(self):
+        pass
+
+    def afterAll(self):
+        pass
+
+    def beforeEach(self):
+        self.stockfish = None
+
+    def afterEach(self):
+        assert postfix_check(self.stockfish.get_output()) == True
+        self.stockfish.clear_output()
+
+    def test_eval(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish("eval".split(" "), True)
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_go_nodes_1000(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish("go nodes 1000".split(" "), True)
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_go_depth_10(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish("go depth 10".split(" "), True)
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_go_perft_4(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish("go perft 4".split(" "), True)
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_go_movetime_1000(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish("go movetime 1000".split(" "), True)
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_go_wtime_8000_btime_8000_winc_500_binc_500(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish(
+            "go wtime 8000 btime 8000 winc 500 binc 500".split(" "),
+            True,
+        )
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_go_wtime_1000_btime_1000_winc_0_binc_0(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish(
+            "go wtime 1000 btime 1000 winc 0 binc 0".split(" "),
+            True,
+        )
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_go_wtime_1000_btime_1000_winc_0_binc_0_movestogo_5(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish(
+            "go wtime 1000 btime 1000 winc 0 binc 0 movestogo 5".split(" "),
+            True,
+        )
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_go_movetime_200(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish("go movetime 200".split(" "), True)
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_go_nodes_20000_searchmoves_e2e4_d2d4(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish(
+            "go nodes 20000 searchmoves e2e4 d2d4".split(" "), True
+        )
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_bench_128_threads_8_default_depth(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish(
+            f"bench 128 {get_threads()} 8 default depth".split(" "),
+            True,
+        )
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_bench_128_threads_3_bench_tmp_epd_depth(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish(
+            f"bench 128 {get_threads()} 3 {os.path.join(PATH,'bench_tmp.epd')} depth".split(
+                " "
+            ),
+            True,
+        )
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_d(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish("d".split(" "), True)
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_compiler(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish("compiler".split(" "), True)
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_license(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish("license".split(" "), True)
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_uci(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish("uci".split(" "), True)
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_export_net_verify_nnue(self):
+        current_path = os.path.abspath(os.getcwd())
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish(
+            f"export_net {os.path.join(current_path , 'verify.nnue')}".split(" "), True
+        )
+        assert self.stockfish.process.returncode == 0
+
+    # verify the generated net equals the base net
+
+    def test_network_equals_base(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish(
+            ["uci"],
+            True,
+        )
+
+        output = self.stockfish.process.stdout
+
+        # find line
+        for line in output.split("\n"):
+            if "option name EvalFile type string default" in line:
+                network = line.split(" ")[-1]
+                break
+
+        # find network file in src dir
+        network = os.path.join(PATH.parent.resolve(), "src", network)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(network):
+            print(
+                f"Network file {network} not found, please download the network file over the make command."
+            )
+            assert False
+
+        diff = subprocess.run(["diff", network, f"verify.nnue"])
+
+        assert diff.returncode == 0
+
+
+class TestInteractive(metaclass=OrderedClassMembers):
+    def beforeAll(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish()
+
+    def afterAll(self):
+        self.stockfish.quit()
+        assert self.stockfish.close() == 0
+
+    def afterEach(self):
+        assert postfix_check(self.stockfish.get_output()) == True
+        self.stockfish.clear_output()
+
+    def test_startup_output(self):
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("Stockfish")
+
+    def test_uci_command(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("uci")
+        self.stockfish.equals("uciok")
+
+    def test_set_threads_option(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command(f"setoption name Threads value {get_threads()}")
+
+    def test_ucinewgame_and_startpos_nodes_1000(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("position startpos")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go nodes 1000")
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+    def test_ucinewgame_and_startpos_moves(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("position startpos moves e2e4 e7e6")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go nodes 1000")
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+    def test_fen_position_1(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("position fen 5rk1/1K4p1/8/8/3B4/8/8/8 b - - 0 1")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go nodes 1000")
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+    def test_fen_position_2_flip(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("position fen 5rk1/1K4p1/8/8/3B4/8/8/8 b - - 0 1")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("flip")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go nodes 1000")
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+    def test_depth_5_with_callback(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("position startpos")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 5")
+
+        def callback(output):
+            regex = r"info depth \d+ seldepth \d+ multipv \d+ score cp \d+ nodes \d+ nps \d+ hashfull \d+ tbhits \d+ time \d+ pv"
+            if output.startswith("info depth") and not re.match(regex, output):
+                assert False
+            if output.startswith("bestmove"):
+                return True
+            return False
+
+        self.stockfish.check_output(callback)
+
+    def test_ucinewgame_and_go_depth_9(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("setoption name UCI_ShowWDL value true")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("position startpos")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 9")
+
+        depth = 1
+
+        def callback(output):
+            nonlocal depth
+
+            regex = rf"info depth {depth} seldepth \d+ multipv \d+ score cp \d+ wdl \d+ \d+ \d+ nodes \d+ nps \d+ hashfull \d+ tbhits \d+ time \d+ pv"
+
+            if output.startswith("info depth"):
+                if not re.match(regex, output):
+                    assert False
+                depth += 1
+
+            if output.startswith("bestmove"):
+                assert depth == 10
+                return True
+
+            return False
+
+        self.stockfish.check_output(callback)
+
+    def test_clear_hash(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("setoption name Clear Hash")
+
+    def test_fen_position_mate_1(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command(
+            "position fen 5K2/8/2qk4/2nPp3/3r4/6B1/B7/3R4 w - e6"
+        )
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 18")
+
+        self.stockfish.expect("* score mate 1 * pv d5e6")
+        self.stockfish.equals("bestmove d5e6")
+
+    def test_fen_position_mate_minus_1(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command(
+            "position fen 2brrb2/8/p7/Q7/1p1kpPp1/1P1pN1K1/3P4/8 b - -"
+        )
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 18")
+        self.stockfish.expect("* score mate -1 *")
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+    def test_fen_position_fixed_node(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command(
+            "position fen 5K2/8/2P1P1Pk/6pP/3p2P1/1P6/3P4/8 w - - 0 1"
+        )
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go nodes 500000")
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+    def test_fen_position_with_mate_go_depth(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command(
+            "position fen 8/5R2/2K1P3/4k3/8/b1PPpp1B/5p2/8 w - -"
+        )
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 18 searchmoves c6d7")
+        self.stockfish.expect("* score mate 2 * pv c6d7 * f7f5")
+
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+    def test_fen_position_with_mate_go_mate(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command(
+            "position fen 8/5R2/2K1P3/4k3/8/b1PPpp1B/5p2/8 w - -"
+        )
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go mate 2 searchmoves c6d7")
+        self.stockfish.expect("* score mate 2 * pv c6d7 *")
+
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+    def test_fen_position_with_mate_go_nodes(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command(
+            "position fen 8/5R2/2K1P3/4k3/8/b1PPpp1B/5p2/8 w - -"
+        )
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go nodes 500000 searchmoves c6d7")
+        self.stockfish.expect("* score mate 2 * pv c6d7 * f7f5")
+
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+    def test_fen_position_depth_27(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command(
+            "position fen r1b2r1k/pp1p2pp/2p5/2B1q3/8/8/P1PN2PP/R4RK1 w - - 0 18"
+        )
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go")
+        self.stockfish.contains("score mate 1")
+
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+    def test_fen_position_with_mate_go_depth_and_promotion(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command(
+            "position fen 8/5R2/2K1P3/4k3/8/b1PPpp1B/5p2/8 w - - moves c6d7 f2f1q"
+        )
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 18")
+        self.stockfish.expect("* score mate 1 * pv f7f5")
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove f7f5")
+
+    def test_fen_position_with_mate_go_depth_and_searchmoves(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command(
+            "position fen 8/5R2/2K1P3/4k3/8/b1PPpp1B/5p2/8 w - -"
+        )
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 18 searchmoves c6d7")
+        self.stockfish.expect("* score mate 2 * pv c6d7 * f7f5")
+
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove c6d7")
+
+    def test_fen_position_with_moves_with_mate_go_depth_and_searchmoves(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command(
+            "position fen 8/5R2/2K1P3/4k3/8/b1PPpp1B/5p2/8 w - - moves c6d7"
+        )
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 18 searchmoves e3e2")
+        self.stockfish.expect("* score mate -1 * pv e3e2 f7f5")
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove e3e2")
+
+    def test_verify_nnue_network(self):
+        current_path = os.path.abspath(os.getcwd())
+        Stockfish(
+            f"export_net {os.path.join(current_path , 'verify.nnue')}".split(" "), True
+        )
+
+        self.stockfish.send_command("setoption name EvalFile value verify.nnue")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("position startpos")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 5")
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+    def test_multipv_setting(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("setoption name MultiPV value 4")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("position startpos")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 5")
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+    def test_fen_position_with_skill_level(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("setoption name Skill Level value 10")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("position startpos")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 5")
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("bestmove")
+
+        self.stockfish.send_command("setoption name Skill Level value 20")
+
+
+class TestSyzygy(metaclass=OrderedClassMembers):
+    def beforeAll(self):
+        self.stockfish = Stockfish()
+
+    def afterAll(self):
+        self.stockfish.quit()
+        assert self.stockfish.close() == 0
+
+    def afterEach(self):
+        assert postfix_check(self.stockfish.get_output()) == True
+        self.stockfish.clear_output()
+
+    def test_syzygy_setup(self):
+        self.stockfish.starts_with("Stockfish")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("uci")
+        self.stockfish.send_command(
+            f"setoption name SyzygyPath value {os.path.join(PATH, 'syzygy')}"
+        )
+        self.stockfish.expect(
+            "info string Found 35 WDL and 35 DTZ tablebase files (up to 4-man)."
+        )
+
+    def test_syzygy_bench(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("bench 128 1 8 default depth")
+        self.stockfish.expect("Nodes searched  :*")
+
+    def test_syzygy_position(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("position fen 4k3/PP6/8/8/8/8/8/4K3 w - - 0 1")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 5")
+
+        def check_output(output):
+            if "score cp 20000" in output or "score mate" in output:
+                return True
+
+        self.stockfish.check_output(check_output)
+        self.stockfish.expect("bestmove *")
+
+    def test_syzygy_position_2(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("position fen 8/1P6/2B5/8/4K3/8/6k1/8 w - - 0 1")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 5")
+
+        def check_output(output):
+            if "score cp 20000" in output or "score mate" in output:
+                return True
+
+        self.stockfish.check_output(check_output)
+        self.stockfish.expect("bestmove *")
+
+    def test_syzygy_position_3(self):
+        self.stockfish.send_command("ucinewgame")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("position fen 8/1P6/2B5/8/4K3/8/6k1/8 b - - 0 1")
+        self.stockfish.send_command("go depth 5")
+
+        def check_output(output):
+            if "score cp -20000" in output or "score mate" in output:
+                return True
+
+        self.stockfish.check_output(check_output)
+        self.stockfish.expect("bestmove *")
+
+
+def parse_args():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Run Stockfish with testing options")
+    parser.add_argument("--valgrind", action="store_true", help="Run valgrind testing")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--valgrind-thread", action="store_true", help="Run valgrind-thread testing"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--sanitizer-undefined",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Run sanitizer-undefined testing",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--sanitizer-thread", action="store_true", help="Run sanitizer-thread testing"
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--none", action="store_true", help="Run without any testing options"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("stockfish_path", type=str, help="Path to Stockfish binary")
+
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    args = parse_args()
+
+    EPD.create_bench_epd()
+    TSAN.set_tsan_option()
+    Syzygy.download_syzygy()
+
+    framework = MiniTestFramework()
+
+    # Each test suite will be ran inside a temporary directory
+    framework.run([TestCLI, TestInteractive, TestSyzygy])
+
+    EPD.delete_bench_epd()
+    TSAN.unset_tsan_option()
+
+    if framework.has_failed():
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    sys.exit(0)
@@ -1,206 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-# check for errors under Valgrind or sanitizers.
-
-error()
-{
-  echo "instrumented testing failed on line $1"
-  exit 1
-}
-trap 'error ${LINENO}' ERR
-
-# Since Linux Kernel 6.5 we are getting false positives from the ci,
-# lower the ALSR entropy to disable ALSR, which works as a temporary workaround.
-# https://github.com/google/sanitizers/issues/1716
-# https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/2056762
-sudo sysctl -w vm.mmap_rnd_bits=28
-
-
-# define suitable post and prefixes for testing options
-case $1 in
-  --valgrind)
-    echo "valgrind testing started"
-    prefix=''
-    exeprefix='valgrind --error-exitcode=42 --errors-for-leak-kinds=all --leak-check=full'
-    postfix='1>/dev/null'
-    threads="1"
-  ;;
-  --valgrind-thread)
-    echo "valgrind-thread testing started"
-    prefix=''
-    exeprefix='valgrind --fair-sched=try --error-exitcode=42'
-    postfix='1>/dev/null'
-    threads="2"
-  ;;
-  --sanitizer-undefined)
-    echo "sanitizer-undefined testing started"
-    prefix='!'
-    exeprefix=''
-    postfix='2>&1 | grep -A50 "runtime error:"'
-    threads="1"
-  ;;
-  --sanitizer-thread)
-    echo "sanitizer-thread testing started"
-    prefix='!'
-    exeprefix=''
-    postfix='2>&1 | grep -A50 "WARNING: ThreadSanitizer:"'
-    threads="2"
-
-cat << EOF > tsan.supp
-race:Stockfish::TTEntry::move
-race:Stockfish::TTEntry::depth
-race:Stockfish::TTEntry::bound
-race:Stockfish::TTEntry::save
-race:Stockfish::TTEntry::value
-race:Stockfish::TTEntry::eval
-race:Stockfish::TTEntry::is_pv
-
-race:Stockfish::TranspositionTable::probe
-race:Stockfish::TranspositionTable::hashfull
-
-EOF
-
-    export TSAN_OPTIONS="suppressions=./tsan.supp"
-
-  ;;
-  *)
-    echo "unknown testing started"
-    prefix=''
-    exeprefix=''
-    postfix=''
-    threads="1"
-  ;;
-esac
-
-cat << EOF > bench_tmp.epd
-Rn6/1rbq1bk1/2p2n1p/2Bp1p2/3Pp1pP/1N2P1P1/2Q1NPB1/6K1 w - - 2 26
-rnbqkb1r/ppp1pp2/5n1p/3p2p1/P2PP3/5P2/1PP3PP/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 0 3
-3qnrk1/4bp1p/1p2p1pP/p2bN3/1P1P1B2/P2BQ3/5PP1/4R1K1 w - - 9 28
-r4rk1/1b2ppbp/pq4pn/2pp1PB1/1p2P3/1P1P1NN1/1PP3PP/R2Q1RK1 w - - 0 13
-EOF
-
-# simple command line testing
-for args in "eval" \
-            "go nodes 1000" \
-            "go depth 10" \
-            "go perft 4" \
-            "go movetime 1000" \
-            "go wtime 8000 btime 8000 winc 500 binc 500" \
-            "go wtime 1000 btime 1000 winc 0 binc 0" \
-            "go wtime 1000 btime 1000 winc 0 binc 0" \
-            "go wtime 1000 btime 1000 winc 0 binc 0 movestogo 5" \
-            "go movetime 200" \
-            "go nodes 20000 searchmoves e2e4 d2d4" \
-            "bench 128 $threads 8 default depth" \
-            "bench 128 $threads 3 bench_tmp.epd depth" \
-            "export_net verify.nnue" \
-            "d" \
-            "compiler" \
-            "license" \
-            "uci"
-do
-
-   echo "$prefix $exeprefix ./stockfish $args $postfix"
-   eval "$prefix $exeprefix ./stockfish $args $postfix"
-
-done
-
-# verify the generated net equals the base net
-network=`./stockfish uci | grep 'option name EvalFile type string default' | awk '{print $NF}'`
-echo "Comparing $network to the written verify.nnue"
-diff $network verify.nnue
-
-# more general testing, following an uci protocol exchange
-cat << EOF > game.exp
- set timeout 240
- spawn $exeprefix ./stockfish
-
- send "uci\n"
- expect "uciok"
-
- # send "setoption name Debug Log File value debug.log\n"
- send "setoption name Threads value $threads\n"
-
- send "ucinewgame\n"
- send "position startpos\n"
- send "go nodes 1000\n"
- expect "bestmove"
-
- send "position startpos moves e2e4 e7e6\n"
- send "go nodes 1000\n"
- expect "bestmove"
-
- send "position fen 5rk1/1K4p1/8/8/3B4/8/8/8 b - - 0 1\n"
- send "go depth 10\n"
- expect "bestmove"
-
- send "setoption name UCI_ShowWDL value true\n"
- send "position startpos\n"
- send "flip\n"
- send "go depth 5\n"
- expect "bestmove"
-
- send "setoption name Skill Level value 10\n"
- send "position startpos\n"
- send "go depth 5\n"
- expect "bestmove"
-
- send "setoption name Clear Hash\n"
-
- send "setoption name EvalFile value verify.nnue\n"
- send "position startpos\n"
- send "go depth 5\n"
- expect "bestmove"
-
- send "setoption name MultiPV value 4\n"
- send "position startpos\n"
- send "go depth 5\n"
-
- send "quit\n"
- expect eof
-
- # return error code of the spawned program, useful for Valgrind
- lassign [wait] pid spawnid os_error_flag value
- exit \$value
-EOF
-
-#download TB as needed
-if [ ! -d ../tests/syzygy ]; then
-   curl -sL https://api.github.com/repos/niklasf/python-chess/tarball/9b9aa13f9f36d08aadfabff872882f4ab1494e95 | tar -xzf -
-   mv niklasf-python-chess-9b9aa13 ../tests/syzygy
-fi
-
-cat << EOF > syzygy.exp
- set timeout 240
- spawn $exeprefix ./stockfish
- send "uci\n"
- send "setoption name SyzygyPath value ../tests/syzygy/\n"
- expect "info string Found 35 tablebases" {} timeout {exit 1}
- send "bench 128 1 8 default depth\n"
- send "ucinewgame\n"
- send "position fen 4k3/PP6/8/8/8/8/8/4K3 w - - 0 1\n"
- send "go depth 5\n"
- expect "bestmove"
- send "position fen 8/1P6/2B5/8/4K3/8/6k1/8 w - - 0 1\n"
- send "go depth 5\n"
- expect "bestmove"
- send "quit\n"
- expect eof
-
- # return error code of the spawned program, useful for Valgrind
- lassign [wait] pid spawnid os_error_flag value
- exit \$value
-EOF
-
-for exp in game.exp syzygy.exp
-do
-
-  echo "$prefix expect $exp $postfix"
-  eval "$prefix expect $exp $postfix"
-
-  rm $exp
-
-done
-
-rm -f tsan.supp bench_tmp.epd
-
-echo "instrumented testing OK"
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
-# verify perft numbers (positions from www.chessprogramming.org/Perft_Results)
+# verify perft numbers (positions from https://www.chessprogramming.org/Perft_Results)

 error()
 {
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+import subprocess
+from typing import List
+import os
+import collections
+import time
+import sys
+import traceback
+import fnmatch
+from functools import wraps
+from contextlib import redirect_stdout
+import io
+import tarfile
+import pathlib
+import concurrent.futures
+import tempfile
+import shutil
+import requests
+
+CYAN_COLOR = "\033[36m"
+GRAY_COLOR = "\033[2m"
+RED_COLOR = "\033[31m"
+GREEN_COLOR = "\033[32m"
+RESET_COLOR = "\033[0m"
+WHITE_BOLD = "\033[1m"
+
+MAX_TIMEOUT = 60 * 5
+
+PATH = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+
+
+class Valgrind:
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_valgrind_command():
+        return [
+            "valgrind",
+            "--error-exitcode=42",
+            "--errors-for-leak-kinds=all",
+            "--leak-check=full",
+        ]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_valgrind_thread_command():
+        return ["valgrind", "--error-exitcode=42", "--fair-sched=try"]
+
+
+class TSAN:
+    @staticmethod
+    def set_tsan_option():
+        with open(f"tsan.supp", "w") as f:
+            f.write(
+                """
+race:Stockfish::TTEntry::read
+race:Stockfish::TTEntry::save
+race:Stockfish::TranspositionTable::probe
+race:Stockfish::TranspositionTable::hashfull
+"""
+            )
+
+        os.environ["TSAN_OPTIONS"] = "suppressions=./tsan.supp"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def unset_tsan_option():
+        os.environ.pop("TSAN_OPTIONS", None)
+        os.remove(f"tsan.supp")
+
+
+class EPD:
+    @staticmethod
+    def create_bench_epd():
+        with open(f"{os.path.join(PATH,'bench_tmp.epd')}", "w") as f:
+            f.write(
+                """
+Rn6/1rbq1bk1/2p2n1p/2Bp1p2/3Pp1pP/1N2P1P1/2Q1NPB1/6K1 w - - 2 26
+rnbqkb1r/ppp1pp2/5n1p/3p2p1/P2PP3/5P2/1PP3PP/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 0 3
+3qnrk1/4bp1p/1p2p1pP/p2bN3/1P1P1B2/P2BQ3/5PP1/4R1K1 w - - 9 28
+r4rk1/1b2ppbp/pq4pn/2pp1PB1/1p2P3/1P1P1NN1/1PP3PP/R2Q1RK1 w - - 0 13
+"""
+            )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def delete_bench_epd():
+        os.remove(f"{os.path.join(PATH,'bench_tmp.epd')}")
+
+
+class Syzygy:
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_syzygy_path():
+        return os.path.abspath("syzygy")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def download_syzygy():
+        if not os.path.isdir(os.path.join(PATH, "syzygy")):
+            url = "https://api.github.com/repos/niklasf/python-chess/tarball/9b9aa13f9f36d08aadfabff872882f4ab1494e95"
+            file = "niklasf-python-chess-9b9aa13"
+
+            with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdirname:
+                tarball_path = os.path.join(tmpdirname, f"{file}.tar.gz")
+
+                response = requests.get(url, stream=True)
+                with open(tarball_path, "wb") as f:
+                    for chunk in response.iter_content(chunk_size=8192):
+                        f.write(chunk)
+
+                with tarfile.open(tarball_path, "r:gz") as tar:
+                    tar.extractall(tmpdirname)
+
+                shutil.move(
+                    os.path.join(tmpdirname, file), os.path.join(PATH, "syzygy")
+                )
+
+
+class OrderedClassMembers(type):
+    @classmethod
+    def __prepare__(self, name, bases):
+        return collections.OrderedDict()
+
+    def __new__(self, name, bases, classdict):
+        classdict["__ordered__"] = [
+            key for key in classdict.keys() if key not in ("__module__", "__qualname__")
+        ]
+        return type.__new__(self, name, bases, classdict)
+
+
+class TimeoutException(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, message: str, timeout: int):
+        self.message = message
+        self.timeout = timeout
+
+
+def timeout_decorator(timeout: float):
+    def decorator(func):
+        @wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
+                future = executor.submit(func, *args, **kwargs)
+                try:
+                    result = future.result(timeout=timeout)
+                except concurrent.futures.TimeoutError:
+                    raise TimeoutException(
+                        f"Function {func.__name__} timed out after {timeout} seconds",
+                        timeout,
+                    )
+            return result
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+class MiniTestFramework:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.passed_test_suites = 0
+        self.failed_test_suites = 0
+        self.passed_tests = 0
+        self.failed_tests = 0
+        self.stop_on_failure = True
+
+    def has_failed(self) -> bool:
+        return self.failed_test_suites > 0
+
+    def run(self, classes: List[type]) -> bool:
+        self.start_time = time.time()
+
+        for test_class in classes:
+            with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdirname:
+                original_cwd = os.getcwd()
+                os.chdir(tmpdirname)
+
+                try:
+                    if self.__run(test_class):
+                        self.failed_test_suites += 1
+                    else:
+                        self.passed_test_suites += 1
+                except Exception as e:
+                    self.failed_test_suites += 1
+                    print(f"\n{RED_COLOR}Error: {e}{RESET_COLOR}")
+                finally:
+                    os.chdir(original_cwd)
+
+        self.__print_summary(round(time.time() - self.start_time, 2))
+        return self.has_failed()
+
+    def __run(self, test_class) -> bool:
+        test_instance = test_class()
+        test_name = test_instance.__class__.__name__
+        test_methods = [m for m in test_instance.__ordered__ if m.startswith("test_")]
+
+        print(f"\nTest Suite: {test_name}")
+
+        if hasattr(test_instance, "beforeAll"):
+            test_instance.beforeAll()
+
+        fails = 0
+
+        for method in test_methods:
+            fails += self.__run_test_method(test_instance, method)
+
+        if hasattr(test_instance, "afterAll"):
+            test_instance.afterAll()
+
+        self.failed_tests += fails
+
+        return fails > 0
+
+    def __run_test_method(self, test_instance, method: str) -> int:
+        print(f"    Running {method}... \r", end="", flush=True)
+
+        buffer = io.StringIO()
+        fails = 0
+
+        try:
+            t0 = time.time()
+
+            with redirect_stdout(buffer):
+                if hasattr(test_instance, "beforeEach"):
+                    test_instance.beforeEach()
+
+                getattr(test_instance, method)()
+
+                if hasattr(test_instance, "afterEach"):
+                    test_instance.afterEach()
+
+            duration = time.time() - t0
+
+            self.print_success(f" {method} ({duration * 1000:.2f}ms)")
+            self.passed_tests += 1
+        except Exception as e:
+            if isinstance(e, TimeoutException):
+                self.print_failure(
+                    f" {method} (hit execution limit of {e.timeout} seconds)"
+                )
+
+            if isinstance(e, AssertionError):
+                self.__handle_assertion_error(t0, method)
+
+            if self.stop_on_failure:
+                self.__print_buffer_output(buffer)
+                raise e
+
+            fails += 1
+        finally:
+            self.__print_buffer_output(buffer)
+
+        return fails
+
+    def __handle_assertion_error(self, start_time, method: str):
+        duration = time.time() - start_time
+        self.print_failure(f" {method} ({duration * 1000:.2f}ms)")
+        traceback_output = "".join(traceback.format_tb(sys.exc_info()[2]))
+
+        colored_traceback = "\n".join(
+            f"  {CYAN_COLOR}{line}{RESET_COLOR}"
+            for line in traceback_output.splitlines()
+        )
+
+        print(colored_traceback)
+
+    def __print_buffer_output(self, buffer: io.StringIO):
+        output = buffer.getvalue()
+        if output:
+            indented_output = "\n".join(f"    {line}" for line in output.splitlines())
+            print(f"    {RED_COLOR}⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯OUTPUT⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯{RESET_COLOR}")
+            print(f"{GRAY_COLOR}{indented_output}{RESET_COLOR}")
+            print(f"    {RED_COLOR}⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯OUTPUT⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯{RESET_COLOR}")
+
+    def __print_summary(self, duration: float):
+        print(f"\n{WHITE_BOLD}Test Summary{RESET_COLOR}\n")
+        print(
+            f"    Test Suites: {GREEN_COLOR}{self.passed_test_suites} passed{RESET_COLOR}, {RED_COLOR}{self.failed_test_suites} failed{RESET_COLOR}, {self.passed_test_suites + self.failed_test_suites} total"
+        )
+        print(
+            f"    Tests:       {GREEN_COLOR}{self.passed_tests} passed{RESET_COLOR}, {RED_COLOR}{self.failed_tests} failed{RESET_COLOR}, {self.passed_tests + self.failed_tests} total"
+        )
+        print(f"    Time:        {duration}s\n")
+
+    def print_failure(self, add: str):
+        print(f"    {RED_COLOR}✗{RESET_COLOR}{add}", flush=True)
+
+    def print_success(self, add: str):
+        print(f"    {GREEN_COLOR}✓{RESET_COLOR}{add}", flush=True)
+
+
+class Stockfish:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        prefix: List[str],
+        path: str,
+        args: List[str] = [],
+        cli: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self.path = path
+        self.process = None
+        self.args = args
+        self.cli = cli
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.output = []
+
+        self.start()
+
+    def _check_process_alive(self):
+        if not self.process or self.process.poll() is not None:
+            print("\n".join(self.output))
+            raise RuntimeError("Stockfish process has terminated")
+
+    def start(self):
+        if self.cli:
+            self.process = subprocess.run(
+                self.prefix + [self.path] + self.args,
+                capture_output=True,
+                text=True,
+            )
+
+            if self.process.returncode != 0:
+                print(self.process.stdout)
+                print(self.process.stderr)
+                print(f"Process failed with return code {self.process.returncode}")
+
+            return
+
+        self.process = subprocess.Popen(
+            self.prefix + [self.path] + self.args,
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+            universal_newlines=True,
+            bufsize=1,
+        )
+
+    def setoption(self, name: str, value: str):
+        self.send_command(f"setoption name {name} value {value}")
+
+    def send_command(self, command: str):
+        if not self.process:
+            raise RuntimeError("Stockfish process is not started")
+
+        self._check_process_alive()
+
+        self.process.stdin.write(command + "\n")
+        self.process.stdin.flush()
+
+    @timeout_decorator(MAX_TIMEOUT)
+    def equals(self, expected_output: str):
+        for line in self.readline():
+            if line == expected_output:
+                return
+
+    @timeout_decorator(MAX_TIMEOUT)
+    def expect(self, expected_output: str):
+        for line in self.readline():
+            if fnmatch.fnmatch(line, expected_output):
+                return
+
+    @timeout_decorator(MAX_TIMEOUT)
+    def contains(self, expected_output: str):
+        for line in self.readline():
+            if expected_output in line:
+                return
+
+    @timeout_decorator(MAX_TIMEOUT)
+    def starts_with(self, expected_output: str):
+        for line in self.readline():
+            if line.startswith(expected_output):
+                return
+
+    @timeout_decorator(MAX_TIMEOUT)
+    def check_output(self, callback):
+        if not callback:
+            raise ValueError("Callback function is required")
+
+        for line in self.readline():
+            if callback(line) == True:
+                return
+
+    def readline(self):
+        if not self.process:
+            raise RuntimeError("Stockfish process is not started")
+
+        while True:
+            self._check_process_alive()
+            line = self.process.stdout.readline().strip()
+            self.output.append(line)
+
+            yield line
+
+    def clear_output(self):
+        self.output = []
+
+    def get_output(self) -> List[str]:
+        return self.output
+
+    def quit(self):
+        self.send_command("quit")
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.process:
+            self.process.stdin.close()
+            self.process.stdout.close()
+            return self.process.wait()
+
+        return 0